the market revolution
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55 Terms
What is the Market Revolution?
A period of economic transformation integrating regional markets and accelerating economic growth
What years does the Market Revolution cover?
Roughly 1815 to the 1840s
What new forms of transportation developed during the Market Revolution?
Turnpike roads, steamboats, canals, and railroads
What were turnpike roads?
Privately built toll roads
When were turnpike roads developed?
1790s-1830s
Why were turnpike roads important?
They improved overland transportation and trade
When did steamboats become widespread?
1820s-1830s
Why were steamboats revolutionary?
They allowed upstream river travel and faster transport of goods
When were canals built in the US?
1825-1840
What was the most famous canal?
The Erie Canal
When was the Erie Canal completed?
1825
Why was the Erie Canal important?
It linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic economy
What was a major consequence of the Erie Canal for Native Americans?
It accelerated the dispossession of Haudenosaunee lands in New York State
When did railroads expand rapidly?
1830s and after
What was one of the first major railroads?
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
When was the B&O Railroad chartered?
1827
What major communication innovation occurred in 1844?
The telegraph
Who invented the telegraph?
Samuel Morse
What was the first telegraph message?
"What hath God wrought"
What was Henry Clay's American System?
A plan for economic development through infrastructure, tariffs, and a national bank
Why was the American System controversial?
It became a topic of political debate between Whigs and Democrats
What did King Cotton refer to?
The South's dependence on cotton production
What invention made cotton production profitable?
Eli Whitney's cotton gin
When was the cotton gin invented?
1793
How did cotton affect slavery?
It deepened and expanded slavery
What kind of society developed in the South?
A highly unequal slave society
Who were yeomen farmers?
Poor white farmers who owned little or no land and few or no slaves
How did the population of the South change between 1790 and 1860?
It grew rapidly
How many slaves lived in the South in 1830?
About 2 million
How many free Blacks lived in the South in 1830?
About 170,000
What was Nat Turner's Rebellion?
A slave uprising in Virginia
When did Nat Turner's Rebellion occur?
1831
How did white Southerners respond to slave resistance?
With harsher laws and repression
What forms of resistance did enslaved people develop?
Slave culture, everyday resistance, and revolts
What was the domestic slave trade?
The forced movement of enslaved people within the United States
Why did the domestic slave trade expand?
The growth of cotton in the Deep South
Where did early industrialization take place?
In the North
What industry led early industrialization?
Textile manufacturing
What was the Lowell System?
Textile factories employing wage labor, often young women
What did the Lowell System represent?
The rise of wage labor
What social response did industrialization provoke?
Labor protests
Why did workers protest?
Long hours, low wages, and poor working conditions
What happened to farming in the North and West?
The rise of commercial farming
What economic pattern accompanied commercial farming?
Boom and bust cycles
What were two major economic crises?
The Panic of 1819 and the Panic of 1837
What happened to cities during the Market Revolution?
Urban boom
What social problem accompanied urban growth?
Rising income inequality
Which groups immigrated in large numbers?
Irish, German, and British immigrants
What events fueled Irish and German immigration?
The Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) and the failed German Revolution of 1848
How were Irish and German immigrants initially perceived?
They were often looked down upon as nonwhite
How did they gradually assimilate?
By stressing differences from Blacks and embracing white supremacy
How did the Market Revolution transform the US economy?
By integrating regional markets and fueling growth
What was the main impact of the Market Revolution on the South?
Expansion of cotton and deepening of slavery
What changes occurred in the North and West?
Industrialization, wage labor, urbanization, immigration, and inequality
What social tensions emerged from the Market Revolution?
Labor unrest, racial inequality, and economic instability
Note 
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