VMED 5172 - Vaccines and Vaccination

Passive immunization

What type of immunization is used for temporary treatment of a disease?

Antibodies produced in a donor animal and purified from their serum

What are passive antibodies?

The constant domain, specifically the Fc region of an antibody

What portion of an antibody from a donor animal of another species is recognized as foreign by the immune system?

Pepsin cleaves the Fc portion of the antibody in order to reduce immunogenicity and lessen the chance of rejection

Why are passive antibodies treated with pepsin?

Serum sickness or hypersensitivity type III

If an animal is immunized multiple times with passive antibodies from another species, what reaction type may occur?

Prolonged period of protection and establishment of immune cell memory

Active immunization has what main advantages over passive immunization?

Active immunization

Which type of immunization produces a stronger response upon second exposure?

Inexpensive, safe, stable, adaptable, effective, distinguishable

What are the characteristics of an ideal vaccine?

In order to determine whether an animal has been vaccinated so that full eradication is possible

Why would a distinguishable response to a vaccine be ideal?

Both innate and adaptive responses should occur

Which portion of the immune system should be involved in a reaction against a vaccination?

Innate immune response

In order for a vaccine to be effective, it must stimulate but not overwhelm the ___ response

A process in which T cells target multiple epitopes of an antigen for more effective immune responses

What is a polyclonal response?

Both B and T cells; to generate large numbers of memory cells

Ideally, vaccinations must be able to activate which cells of the adaptive response? Why?

Live attenuated vaccines

Category II vaccines are also known as?

There may be residual virulence associated with the vaccination

Live vaccines are able to create a robust adaptive immune response. What major disadvantage is associated with this category of vaccines?

Without certain virulence factors, some viruses are unable to replicate or live and are ineffective as vaccinations

Why may live vaccines have residual virulence?

I

Killed or inactivated vaccines are category ___ vaccines

They are highly stable and more ideal for safety and storage

What is the main advantage of killed vaccines over live vaccines?

Primarily antibody responses or cell mediated response, or a combination of both

Based on the antigen being vaccinated against, the primary immune response required may differ. What type of responses could this include?

Mild denaturing agents such as acetone, alcohol, and alkylating agents

What are the best agents to use in order to inactivate a pathogen for a vaccine?

Pathogens causing tuberculosis

Some live vaccinations may have cross-reactivity with other disease processes. BCG is known to be cross reactive with?

BCG

Which vaccination may cause a false positive tuberculosis test in cattle?

A caudal fold skin test

The first test used to detect tuberculosis infection in cattle is?

Comparative cervical test; determines the type of mycobacterium present

If a caudal fold skin test comes up positive, which test is used to confirm? What does this test determine?

To enhance the immune response to an antigen in a vaccine and the development of long term memory

What is the purpose of an adjuvant?

They trap antigen at sites of antigen presentation

How do adjuvants promote immunogenicity?

Some animals are naturally resistant and susceptible to certain diseases

Even if a vaccines is produced, stored, and administered properly, it still may not work. Why is this?

Residual virulence, toxic compounds, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and sarcoma

What are some of the adverse effects of vaccines?

Fever, malaise, inflammation, and pain

What symptoms are considered part of a 'normal' immune reaction to a vaccination?