Age of Nation-States chapter 14 unit 7 509-540

Crimean War (510)

(1853-1856) conflict b/w Russia & an alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire. Fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula, the war resulted from Russia's attempts to expand into Ottoman territories. The conflict ended w/ Treaty of Paris, restricting Russian power & marked a significant moment in 19th-century European geopolitics.

Treaty of Paris (511)

(1856) ended Crimean War, neutralized the Black Sea, limited Russian expansion, & preserved Ottoman Empire's territorial structure by restricting Russia's military & territorial power.

Young Turks (514)

Revolutionary group in Ottoman Empire who overthrew Sultan (1908), seeking to modernize & reform gov. Wanted to create democratic & secular state, but eventually became nationalist & authoritarian.

Tanzimat (514)

Major reform period in Ottoman Empire where leaders tried to modernize the country by adopting European-style gov. and military practices to make the empire stronger, more competitive.

Central Powers (514)

1 of 2 main alliances in World War I (1914–1918), involve of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. They fought against the Allied Powers but were ultimately defeated.

Romantic republicanism (515)

Political movement, mixed passionate idealism w/ the goal of creating democratic nations, emphasizing national pride, cultural unity, and the heroic struggle for freedom.

Count Camillo Cavour (515)

Prime Minister of Sardinia and key figure in Italian unification. Used diplomacy, alliances, & reforms to unite Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II.

Victor Emmanuel II (518)

First King of a unified Italy (ruling 1861-1878). Played a crucial role in the Italian unification movement, transforming from King of Sardinia to the monarch of the new Italian nation.

transformismo (518)

Political strategy in Italy where leaders formed alliances by uniting opposing politicians, often through deals/favors. It aimed for stability but led to corruption and inefficiency.

Italia irredenta (519)

Idea in Italy that certain areas w/ Italian-speak people, mainly under foreign control, should be part of Italy. This included regions like Trentino & Trieste. A nationalist movement aimed at completing Italy's unification.

German Confederation (522)

Loose alliance of 39 German states (formed 1815). Aimed to ensure mutual defense & stability but had no strong central authority. Dissolved (1866) after conflicts b/w Austria & Prussia.

Otto von Bismarck (522)

(1815–1898) Prussian statesman & first Chancellor of Germany. He unified Germany through wars & diplomacy, establishing the German Empire (1871). Known as the "Iron Chancellor," maintained peace in Europe through strategic alliances until his resignation (1890).

Realpolitik (522)

Practical approach to politics that focuses on what works best in reality, rather than on ideals/morals. Prioritizes national interests and power over ethical considerations. Otto von Bismarck is known for using this strategy to unify Germany.

Danish War (1864) (523)

Conflict b/w Denmark & Prussia, along Austria, over the territories of Schleswig & Holstein. Started Feb 1, 1864, ended w/ Denmark's defeat, resulting loss of territories & helping pave way for German unification.

kleindeutsch (523)

"Lesser Germany", 19th-century idea for unifying German states w/o Austria. Supported by Prussia, aimed to create a unified Germany focused on northern German states, leading to the formation of the German Empire in 1871.

Bundesrat (524)

Germany's upper house of parliament, representing 16 federal states. Its members are appointed by state governments and help approve laws and constitutional changes.

Reichstag (524)

Lower house of Germany's parliament (1871-1918). Represented people & had power to make laws & approve budgets. Term also refers to the building in Berlin where parliament met.

Alsace-Lorraine (525)

Region in eastern France that was surrender to Germany (1871), returned to France (1919), & briefly occupied by Germany during World War II. It has both French & German cultural influences.

Napoleon III (526)

Nephew of Napoleon I who became Emperor of France in 1852. He modernized France but was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, leading to his exile in England.

Paris Commune (526)

Short rebellion in Paris where workers took control of the city & tried to create their own gov. The gov. quickly crushed rebellion.

The Third Republic (527)

French democratic gov. from 1870-1940, replacing monarchy & establishing modern republican system.

Ausgleich (529)

1867 political agreement creating Austria-Hungary, giving Hungary equal status within the empire.

Alexander II (532)

Russian king/tsar who freed slaves and tried to make Russia better, but was killed by rebels.

Alexander Herzen (533)

(1812–1870) was a Russian writer, thinker, and activist. Known as the "father of Russian socialism," promoted peasant-based socialism & founded Russia's first free press in London. His works, like My Past and Thoughts, influenced reformers and revolutionaries.

populism (533)

A political style where leaders say they speak for "normal people" against rich or powerful leaders, promising to fix everything simply.

The Second Reform Act (1867) (534)

Law that expanded voting rights in England + Wales. Allowed working-class men to vote, increasing the number of voters & mainly helped male heads of households & did not include women, which later led to movements for women's voting rights. It was supported by Conservative leader Benjamin Disraeli.

William Gladstone (536)

(1809-1898) British politician & four-time Prime Minister known for his reforms, including secret voting & advocating for Irish self-government. He was a leading figure in the Liberal Party.

Benjamin Disraeli (536)

(1804-1881) British politician & two-time Prime Minister known for his reforms & expansion of British Empire, including the Suez Canal. Major rival of William Gladstone.

Public Health Act of 1875 (538)

Law in UK aimed to improve public health. It made local councils responsible for providing clean water, sewage systems, and safe food. The Act also required new homes to have running water and proper drainage to help prevent diseases.

Home Rule (538)

Local gov. can make own laws & decisions w/o permission from central gov. It allows communities to manage their own affairs.