DNA and Protein Synthesisd

What is DNA polymerase?

DNA polymerase is the enzyme that lays down the complementary base pairs to each other to create a new set of DNA

What is DNA Primase?

DNA primase is the enzyme that sets up the DNA

What is Ligase?

Ligase is 

What is Helicase?

Helicase is the enzyme that “unzips” the DNA sequence and turns it into two separate RNA parts. It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the DNA strand

What is the name of the process in which two copies, each made with an original and replicated strand of DNA, are made?

Semiconservative Reproduction

What does each nucleotide consist of?

Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

The phosphate and sugar form the ____ of the DNA and the bases for the ____ of the DNA

Backbone, rungs (ladder looking thing)

What type of bond holds the two RNA strands together?

A hydrogen bond

What are Purines and Pyrimidines? What bases from RNA and DNA are in each group?

Purines are big double ring nucleotides and Pyrimidines are smaller single ring nucleotitdes. Adenine and Guanine are Purines and cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil are Pyrimidines.

Do Purines bond to Purines and Pyrimidines bind to Pyrimidines?

No

Which two bases have 2 hydrogen bonds? What three bases have 3 hydrogen bonds?

A and T have two hydrogen bonds and G and C have three. The order of one strand determines the order of the bases on the other strand because of complementary base pairing, meaning C will always pair to G.

What is a gene? What is it also called? What does it produce(in a way)?

A gene is a series of three bases that code for a protein which then produces a unique phenotype. It is also called a codon.

What is a chromosome?

A long, thread-like piece of DNA that is found in the nucleus.

Explain the lagging strand and leading strand when Replication happens.

The leading strand goes smoothly because DNA polymerase can start at 3, where the leading strand starts. But the lagging strand starts at 5, and cannot start laying down the bases until a primer has been reached, which is another short strand of DNA. Then, the DNA polymerase can only function on the lagging strand when it starts on the 3’ from the primer. Primer is made from primase.

What nitrogenous bases does DNA have? What does the deoxy- part mean at the start of DNA?

DNA has the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Deoxy- means “without oxygen”

What nitrogenous bases are contained in RNA? What are the three types of RNA?

The three nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, and Cytosine. The three types of RNA are ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and messenger RNA (rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA)

Function of RNA?

Helps ribosomes make protein.

What do rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA do in protein synthesis? Explain their functions.

mRNA is the “recipe” for a protein, tRNA is the truck that delivers ingredients, and rRNA is the eggs that bind the ingredients(amino acids) together. A ribosome attaches to mRNA and the mRNA is read in codons and then tRNA matches its correct anticodon which has a specific amino acid. After the amino acid is delivered to the ribosome, rRNA forms the bonds between the amino acids, creating a long train of amino acids.

Explain protein synthesis.

DNA unzips from helicase, and DNA polymerase attaches new nucleotides to one of the separated strands to create mRNA. mRNA then leaves the nucleus of the cell, and attaches to a ribosome. tRNA then comes and reads the mRNA in bases of three, and then these are matched to the anticodon on tRNA. tRNA has an amino acid attached, so when the corresponding base pair is matched, the amino acid is delivered into the ribosome and then rRNA connects the multiple amino acids to create a long strand of amino acids. Then, the protein is formed.

After the protein is made, it goes to two other places in the cell. What are they and what does it do the places do to the protein?

First, it travels to the endoplasmic reticulum to get modified, then it goes to the golgi apparatus to release a substance and perform its function.

Explain DNA replication.

First, helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds connecting the two DNA strands. After it splits into two different strands, DNA polymerase attaches on to each strand and starts matching complementary bases to each base on each strand. Then, four strands of disconnected DNA are complete. Finally, ligase seals the complementary nitrogenous bases and two DNA strands are made!