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Vocabulary flashcards covering microscope parts, microbial morphology, staining, media, biochemical tests, experimental design, blood typing, antimicrobial testing, and key eukaryotic microbes for the BIOL 107 final lab practical.
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Ocular Lens
Eyepiece that magnifies the image 10×
Objective Lens – Scanning
4× lens used for locating specimens
Objective Lens – Low Power
10× lens for general viewing
Objective Lens – High Power
40× lens for detailed viewing
Objective Lens – Oil Immersion
100× lens used with oil for highest resolution
Nosepiece
Rotating turret that holds objective lenses
Diaphragm
Controls light intensity reaching the slide
Coarse Focus Knob
Large-movement knob used only with low power objectives
Fine Focus Knob
Small-movement knob used when switching or at higher powers; only knob for 100×
Mechanical Stage
Holds and moves slide with control knobs
Parfocal
Property allowing specimen to stay nearly focused when objectives change
Total Magnification
Ocular magnification × objective magnification
Scientific Notation
Number written 1–10 followed by ×10 with positive exponent for left moves, negative for right
Colony Size
Diameter measurement of a bacterial colony
Colony Shape
Overall form such as circular, irregular, filamentous
Colony Margin
Edge description; entire, lobate, undulate, etc.
Colony Elevation
Profile; flat, raised, convex, umbonate
Colony Surface
Appearance like smooth, rough, wrinkled, shiny, dull
Colony Texture
Moist, mucoid, or dry feel
Pigment & Optical Properties
Color plus opaque, translucent, shiny, dull qualities
Coccus (Cocci)
Spherical bacterial cell shape
Bacillus (Bacilli)
Rod-shaped bacterial cell
Spirillum (Spirilla)
Spiral-shaped bacterial cell
Diplo-
Cells arranged in pairs
Strepto-
Cells arranged in chains
Staphylo-
Grape-like cluster arrangement
Tetrad
Group of four cocci
Sarcina
Cube-like packet of eight cells
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Thick peptidoglycan; stain blue/purple
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Thin peptidoglycan; stain pink/red
Serial Dilution
Stepwise dilution to reduce cell concentration
Original Cell Density (OCD)
CFU ÷ (volume plated × dilution factor)
p10 Micropipette
Transfers 0.5–10 µL
p20 Micropipette
Transfers 2–20 µL
p100 Micropipette
Transfers 10–100 µL
p1000 Micropipette
Transfers 100–1000 µL
Endospore Stain
Differential stain; spores green, cells red
Acid-Fast Stain
Detects mycolic acid; acid-fast fuchsia, others blue
Capsule Stain
Stains background and cells pink leaving white halo
Negative Stain
Dark background, unstained clear cells
Flagella Stain
Coats and visualizes bacterial flagella
Streak for Isolation
Technique producing isolated colonies from mixed culture
Selective Media
Contains agents that inhibit some microbes, allowing others
Differential Media
Shows visible differences between organisms on same plate
Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar
Selective for Gram-negatives; differentiates lactose fermentation
EMB Vigorous Lactose Fermenter
Dark purple/black colonies with metallic green sheen (E. coli)
Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)
Selective for Gram-positive cocci; differentiates mannitol fermentation
MSA Pathogenic Result
Yellow agar or halo indicates S. aureus mannitol fermenter
Sheep Blood Agar
Tests hemolysin production (hemolysis types)
Alpha Hemolysis
Partial RBC destruction; green/brown zones
Beta Hemolysis
Complete RBC destruction; clear zones
Gamma Hemolysis
No RBC destruction
Catalase Test
Bubbles with H₂O₂ indicate catalase positive
Phenol Red Broth
Detects sugar fermentation via color/yellow and gas bubble
Casease
Enzyme that hydrolyzes casein; clearing in milk agar
Gelatinase
Enzyme liquefying nutrient gelatin
Amylase
Enzyme hydrolyzing starch; clear halo after iodine
Urease
Enzyme turning urea broth fuchsia
Independent Variable
Factor purposefully changed by experimenter
Dependent Variable
Measured response affected by independent variable
Control Variable
Conditions kept constant during experiment
Type O− Blood
No antigens; A & B antibodies; universal donor
Type AB+ Blood
A, B & Rh antigens; no antibodies; universal acceptor
Kirby-Bauer Test
Disk diffusion assay for antimicrobial susceptibility
Zone of Inhibition
Clear area around antibiotic disk where bacteria can’t grow
Resistant Classification
Little or no clearing around disk
Intermediate Classification
Moderate clearing around disk
Susceptible Classification
Large clearing indicating strong antibiotic effect
SIM Test
Assesses Sulfur reduction, Indole, and Motility
Sulfur Reduction Positive
Black precipitate in SIM medium
Motility Positive
Fuzzy growth radiating from stab line
Nitrate Reductase
Enzyme reducing nitrate to nitrite; red after reagents or non-color after zinc
Fungi
Eukaryotes absorbing nutrients; include molds & yeasts
Protista
Diverse unicellular eukaryotes like amoeba, paramecium, euglena
Mold – Macroscopic
Fuzzy, tall, often pigmented colonies
Mold – Microscopic
Filamentous hyphae with spores
Yeast – Microscopic
Unicellular, round, may show budding
Yeast – Macroscopic
Smooth, slightly raised colonies resembling bacteria
Amoeba
Protist with pseudopodia; amorphous; heterotrophic
Euglena
Flagellated protist; has eyespot; mixotrophic
Paramecium
Ciliated, slipper-shaped protist with oral groove; heterotrophic