Maya's Study Guide History Final

Rennaissance

"Rebirth" the golden age of learning & artistic growth, response to the Black Death

Art: Symmetry, Perfection, crating the Ideal figure

Humanism

the intellectual movement that believed humans are capable of good things & they become complete through the study of humanities, classics & Ad Fontes

• Stressed the importance of the individual

-Religion focused more on mankind

Civic Humanism

applying humanism to the rule of a city/the service of the state

Hermeticism

Humanism for oneself; study to create & redeem, belief that one can become more divine by reading ancient & philosophers

Neoplatinism

A combination of Christianity and Platonism

Machiavelli (1469-1527)

-Florence, Italy,

-wrote the prince 1513 as a dedication to the Medicis

-"the ends justify the means", "better feared than loved"

-Negative view on mankind, aligned w/Hobbes

Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)

-Renaissance Philosopher

• Writes Education of a Christian prince

-People over the country

-care for the people more than anything

-Made in the likeness of God

• Telos: be more like Christ-> moral ruler, give up power before immorality

-Lined up with Locke

Rapheal

Rennaissance painter, painted School of Athens & the Papal Library

Botticelli

Rennaissance painter, Painted School of Athens & the Papal Library

Baroque Art

Produced by Catholic Church in response to the reformation to showcase power, beauty, grandeur & wealth of the Catholic church (uses light & dark to highlight things)

Dutch Realism

artwork driven by anabaptists, emphasized community & everyday ideal life

Cosimo de Medici

A powerful banker/politician from Florence, established the dynasty of the Medici family, ruled Florence during the 15th century

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

-Born in Caprese, Italy

-Died in Rome

-High Rennaissance sculptor/painter/architect

-Humanist-> wanted to show the ideal picture of mankind through his work

-Showed man's relationship w/ God through his art

• Made the Sistine chapel, Pieta, David, the last judgment, Creation of Adam etc.

• Showed emotion, depth, rich colors

• Hired by Medici family

Leonardo de Vinci (1452-1519)

-Born in Florence

-Artist, architect, sculptor

->studied human anatomy

->made the Monalisa, The last supper, Vitruvian Man etc.

-painted with depth, extreme detail, symmetry

1482~moved to Milan where he worked for the Duke

Aspects of Renaissance Art

-Humanism in showcasing the ideal human

-anatomy

-Perspective: 2D, not 3D-> realism, depth, balance, proportion

Renaissance artists

Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Botticelli, Donatello

Indulgences

Sold in exchange for money: you receive remission of sins, avoid pain in purgatory, participate in prayer, fasting etc. & years out of purgatory

Pope Leo X

issues the sale of Indulgences

Albrecht of Mainz

sets up indulgences to pay his debt for buying his position as bishop

Eucharist

taking of bread & wine ad Christs body & blood; communion; the Lord's supper

Transubstantiation

changing of substances; the bread & wine become Christs body & blood (Catholic)

Consubstantiation

In, under and through; blood & wine and body & bread exist together (Lutheranism)

Memorialism

Just bread & wine; taken in remembrance (Zwingli)

Receptionism

When taking the bread & wine physically, you receive the body & blood spiritually (Calvinist)

Martin Luther

1484-1546

-1501~studies scholasticism & Aristotle at university of Erfurt

-1505~begins studying to be a lawyer

• Gets stuck in a storm; prays to St. Anne that if he survives hell become a monk

-Enrolls as a monk at St. Augustine's Monastery

-Teaches philosophy at University of Wittenburg; develops a distaste for Aristotle

-Posted 95 thesis after traveling to Rome

95 Thesis

-Written by Martin Luther in 1517, started the Protestant Reformation.

-Challenged church authority the practice of indulgence, absenteeism

-Supported Consubstantiation

Diet of Worms (1521)

-Luther & his followers are excommunicated

-Called by Charels V

-Council that Martin Luther appears before

• Edict of Worms: decree made by Charels V that declares Martin Luther a heretic

-Augsburg Confession (1530): Lutherans formalize doctrine

Peasants revolt

-Starts in Germany

-12 Articles: 50 peasant reformers write about reform

-Causes: economic oppression, Feudalism

-Effects: 100,00+ farmers/peasants killed, burned church property, instability

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531)- peoples priest of Zurich, Switzerland; believed in Manorialism-the bread & wine was simply symbolic of Jesus' body & blood

Marburg Colloquy

The meeting of Luther and Zwingli to unite their two movements. They failed over the issue of communion. Zwingli believed the Bread and Wine were symbolic. Luther could not go that far.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian moves to Genova Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Spiritual Prescence

the belief that Jesus is truly present in the Eucharist, not in a physical way, but in a spiritual way instead

Predestination

God chooses ahead of time who is saved & will go to heaven; we don't choose, God does

Meno Simmons

{Anabaptist}

-believed that baptism was only for adult believers

-Said believers shouldn't serve the gov too\

-He was heavily persecuted, Dutch priest

• Individualism: individual can interpret scripture in how they see fit

Henry VIII

(1491-1547)

-1534- Act of Supremacy: he wants to divorce Catherine of Aragon bc she didn't give him a male heir

-Separated from the catholic church

-Declared himself the head of the English Church

-6 wives wanted a male heir

-His children (Mary, Elizabeth & Edward) continued his lineage

Thomas Cranmer

-Appointed archbishop of Canterberry

-Writes the book: Book of Common Prayer

-Worked w/ Henry VIII during the English Reformation

->helped make England an Anglican nation

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

-Called by Pope Paul III in Germany