Linguistics Exam 3

what is morphology?

the study of the internal structure of a word: its meaningful parts(division) and pronunciation (allomorphs)

what is a lexicon

mental dictionary: form (what a word sounds like) and meaning

what does the graph look like for morphemes

derivation:

creating new words out of other wordsby adding prefixes or suffixes, often altering meaning of root word or lexical category.

root

the word with the most basic meaning

stem

the thing to which the affixes attach

provide an example of derivation

cat vs. catty | play, playable, replay

inflectional ( do not have to memorize word for word)

changes tense, number, or degree of a word without changing its core meaning.

derivational (don’t memorize)

creates new words by adding affixes that change meaning or grammatical category.

inflection

the creation of different grammatical forms of words

inflectional affixes od not change the lexical category of the word.

morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit of speech

homophonous morphemes

morphemes that sound the same but have different meanings or functions

example of free homophonous morpheme

to wo, there their, knight night

example of bound homophonous morpheme

s (plural), ‘s (possesive), s (third person)

free morpheme definition

a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word in a sentence.

bound morpheme

a morpheme that must be attatched to another morpheme, (prefix, suffix, infix)

content morpheme

provide core content meaning (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and derivational morphemes)

function morphemes

provide grammatically relevant information example: (prepositions, articles, pronouns)

allomorphy

1. A morpheme can take different forms (can be pronounced in different ways)

2. Morphemes are abstract and make up underlying representations of words, while allomorphs are the concrete realizations of these morphemes

3. The relationship between morphemes and allomorphs is parallel to the relationship between phonemes and allomorphs.

4. Like allophones, allomorphs occur in “Complimentary Distribution”: each allomorph occurs in a specific conditioning environment.

give an example of allomorphy

[s] occurs after voiceless, [z] occurs after voiced consonants, and [əz] occurs after sibilants.

affixation

the process of adding morphemes to a base to change its meaning: prefix suffix infix

compounding

combining two or more independent words

reduplication

repeating the whole morpheme, do you like-like

alternations

morpheme internal modifications

suppletion

A root will have one or more inflected forms phonetically unrelated to the shape of the root

give an example of compounding

girlfriend

give an example of reduplication

like-like

give an example of alternations

man to men [mæn] [mɛn]

give an example of suppletion

be [bi] am, are, is

give an example of affixation

bili [buy] bumili [to buy] in tagalog

give an example of total reduplication

rumah [house] rumah rumah [houses]ive G

Give two to three sentences about analytic languages and provide an example

Only use free morphemes to express a complete thought. Boundries between morphemes are clear. Subject and tense are indicated by separate free morphemes. Ex. Mandarin

Give two to three sentences about agglutinating languages and provide an example

Use both free and bound morphemes. Boundries between morphemes are clear. Each bound morpheme provides one gramatical meaning. Ex. Hungarian

Give two to three sentences about fusional languages and provide an example

Use both free and bound morphemes. Boundaries are sometimes not clear. One bound morpheme can provide more than one grammatical meaning. Ex. Spanish

Give two to three sentences about polysynthetic languages and provide an example

Only use bound morphemes to express a complete thought. One long word can express a complete thought. Ex. Sora

What is step 1 of Morphological Analysis

Isolate and compare forms that are partially similar

What is step 2 of Morphological Analysis

If a single phonetic form has two distinct meanings, it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes

What is step 3 of Morphological Analysis

If the same function and meaning are associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same morpheme (allomorphs) and the choice of form in each case may be predictable on the basis of the phonetic environment

give an example of morphemes that can attach to more than one lexical category

preexist pregame prehistoric