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what is morphology?
the study of the internal structure of a word: its meaningful parts(division) and pronunciation (allomorphs)
what is a lexicon
mental dictionary: form (what a word sounds like) and meaning
what does the graph look like for morphemes
derivation:
creating new words out of other wordsby adding prefixes or suffixes, often altering meaning of root word or lexical category.
root
the word with the most basic meaning
stem
the thing to which the affixes attach
provide an example of derivation
cat vs. catty | play, playable, replay
inflectional ( do not have to memorize word for word)
changes tense, number, or degree of a word without changing its core meaning.
derivational (don’t memorize)
creates new words by adding affixes that change meaning or grammatical category.
inflection
the creation of different grammatical forms of words
inflectional affixes od not change the lexical category of the word.
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of speech
homophonous morphemes
morphemes that sound the same but have different meanings or functions
example of free homophonous morpheme
to wo, there their, knight night
example of bound homophonous morpheme
s (plural), ‘s (possesive), s (third person)
free morpheme definition
a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word in a sentence.
bound morpheme
a morpheme that must be attatched to another morpheme, (prefix, suffix, infix)
content morpheme
provide core content meaning (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and derivational morphemes)
function morphemes
provide grammatically relevant information example: (prepositions, articles, pronouns)
allomorphy
A morpheme can take different forms (can be pronounced in different ways)
Morphemes are abstract and make up underlying representations of words, while allomorphs are the concrete realizations of these morphemes
The relationship between morphemes and allomorphs is parallel to the relationship between phonemes and allomorphs.
Like allophones, allomorphs occur in “Complimentary Distribution”: each allomorph occurs in a specific conditioning environment.
give an example of allomorphy
[s] occurs after voiceless, [z] occurs after voiced consonants, and [əz] occurs after sibilants.
affixation
the process of adding morphemes to a base to change its meaning: prefix suffix infix
compounding
combining two or more independent words
reduplication
repeating the whole morpheme, do you like-like
alternations
morpheme internal modifications
suppletion
A root will have one or more inflected forms phonetically unrelated to the shape of the root
give an example of compounding
girlfriend
give an example of reduplication
like-like
give an example of alternations
man to men [mæn] [mɛn]
give an example of suppletion
be [bi] am, are, is
give an example of affixation
bili [buy] bumili [to buy] in tagalog
give an example of total reduplication
rumah [house] rumah rumah [houses]ive G
Give two to three sentences about analytic languages and provide an example
Only use free morphemes to express a complete thought. Boundries between morphemes are clear. Subject and tense are indicated by separate free morphemes. Ex. Mandarin
Give two to three sentences about agglutinating languages and provide an example
Use both free and bound morphemes. Boundries between morphemes are clear. Each bound morpheme provides one gramatical meaning. Ex. Hungarian
Give two to three sentences about fusional languages and provide an example
Use both free and bound morphemes. Boundaries are sometimes not clear. One bound morpheme can provide more than one grammatical meaning. Ex. Spanish
Give two to three sentences about polysynthetic languages and provide an example
Only use bound morphemes to express a complete thought. One long word can express a complete thought. Ex. Sora
What is step 1 of Morphological Analysis
Isolate and compare forms that are partially similar
What is step 2 of Morphological Analysis
If a single phonetic form has two distinct meanings, it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes
What is step 3 of Morphological Analysis
If the same function and meaning are associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same morpheme (allomorphs) and the choice of form in each case may be predictable on the basis of the phonetic environment
give an example of morphemes that can attach to more than one lexical category
preexist pregame prehistoric