DH226 Law and Ethics midterm

You are at a party and notice that a friend has consumed more alcohol than usual and appears inebriated. At you watch her weave to her car, you wrestle with intervening, and many questions go through your mind. You wonder if she will be angry and resent it later on if you try to stop her but fear that she will not make it home safely if you do not. You wrestle whether or not to grab her keys and call a cab. This is an example of which of the following types of ethics?

a.Consequentialist ethics

b.Nonconsequentialist ethics

c.Virtue ethics

d.None of the above

a.Consequentialist ethics

Which member of the dental team is the primary oral preventive therapist?

a.Dentist

b.Dental hygienist

c.Dental assistant

d.Receptionist

b.Dental hygienist

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages of mastery learning according to the competency continuum?

a.Novice, proficient, competent

b.Master, competent, novice

c.Novice, competent, proficient

d.Proficient, novice, competent

e.Competent, novice, master

c.Novice, competent, proficient

Which of the following is regarded as the most important aspect of the delivery of health care services?

a.Technical skill

b.Appropriate knowledge

c.Critical judgment

d.Caring

d.Caring

Which of the following characteristics is used to separate the professional from the layperson?

a.Competency

b.Quality performance

c.A specialized body of knowledge and skill of value to society

d.A code of ethics

c.A specialized body of knowledge and skill of value to society

Professionalism is demonstrated through a foundation of clinical competence, communication skills, and ethical and legal understanding. Upon this foundation is built the aspiration to and wise application of the principles of professionalism.

a.Both statements are true.

b.Both statements are false.

c.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

d.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

a.Both statements are true.

Which of the following is an example of interprofessional education (IPE) in an academic health center involving two different health education organizations?

a.Nursing students learn about nursing bottle caries along with dental hygiene students.

b.Dental students learn about preventive fluoride along with dental hygiene students.

c.Dental students learn about dental restorative procedures along with dental hygiene students.

d.Dental hygiene students learn about dental preventive procedures along with dental assisting students.

a.Nursing students learn about nursing bottle caries along with dental hygiene students.

A license to practice as a dental hygienist is granted by

a.The American Dental Association

b.The American Dental Hygienists' Association

c.The State Board of Dentistry

d.The school of matriculation, meaning where the student graduated

c.The State Board of Dentistry

Which of the following individuals is regarded as the father of dental hygiene?

a.Dr. David T. Ozar

b.Dr. Laurence McCullough

c.Dr. A. C. Fones

d.Dr. Carl Rogers

c.Dr. A. C. Fones

Which of the following is regarded as an expanded function for a dental hygienist rather than a traditional duty?

a.Scaling and root planing

b.Patient education

c.Exposing dental radiographs

d.Administration of an injection

d.Administration of an injection

Ethical decision making is a behavior and can be done well or done poorly. It is inherent and is not taught or learned.

a.Both statements are true.

b.Both statements are false.

c.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

d.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

c.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

In the academic world, examining the different ways in which moral thinking can be done is called a study of

a.humanity.

b.moral or ethical theory.

c.behavior.

d.operant conditioning.

e.reasoning.

b.moral or ethical theory.

Which of the following is thought to be one of the strongest and most consistent correlates with development of moral judgment?

a.Age

b.Years of formal education

c.Social status

d.Income

b.Years of formal education

According to Piaget's four-stage model of moral development, the egocentric stage is found in individuals of which of the following ages?

a.0-2 years old

b.2-7 years old

c.7-12 years old

d.12 years old and older

b.2-7 years old

Which of the following is the most basic stage of Kohlberg's three-level model of moral development?

a.Interpersonal concordance orientation

b.Law and order orientation

c.Punishment and obedience orientation

d.Instrumental relativist orientation

e.Social contract legalistic orientation

c.Punishment and obedience orientation

Which of the following theorists of cognitive moral development created the concept of the ethic of care?

a.Lawrence Kohlberg

b.Jean Piaget

c.Carol Gilligan

c.Carol Gilligan

Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives or options as possible is part of which of the following steps of the ethical decision-making model?

a.Collect information.

b.State the options.

c.Implement the decision.

d.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

b.State the options.

The dental hygiene oath is revised by action of which of the following professional organizations?

a.The American Dental Association (ADA)

b.The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA)

c.The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

d.The Organization for Safety, Asepsis, and Prevention (OSAP)

e.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

b.The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA)

Which of the following terms is used to describe the allocation of resources in large social systems?

a.Autonomy

b.Distributive justice

c.Prima facie duty

d.Primum non nocere

b.Distributive justice

Who was a proponent of utilitarianism?

a.Immanuel Kant

b.Plato

c.John Stuart Mill

d.Aristotle

c.John Stuart Mill

Adding fluoride to a community water system is a good example of the application of which of the following types of ethical reasoning?

a.Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics

b.Deontology or nonconsequentialism

c.Virtue ethics

d.None of the above

a.Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics

Immanuel Kant is associated with which of the following theories of ethical thinking?

a.Virtue ethics

b.Consequentialism

c.Nonconsequentialism

d.None of the above

c.Nonconsequentialism

Which of the following ethical types of reasoning would be most likely to say that a physician should be honest in telling a cancer patient that he or she only has a short time to live, even if he or she knew the patient would live longer if he or she did not know the truth?

a.Consequentialist ethics

b.Nonconsequentialist ethics

c.Virtue ethics

b.Nonconsequentialist ethics

Immanuel Kant’s test for correct moral reasoning is called the categorical imperative, which means a

a.designation of the reasoning according to four criteria.

b.stable pattern of perceiving, thinking, and acting rightly.

c.rule or standard of conduct that is binding for all human beings.

d.consequence of an alternative course of action in a given situation.

c.rule or standard of conduct that is binding for all human beings.

Which of the following is the focus of virtue ethics?

a.Our perfect duties and our imperfect duties

b.To reflect on what kind of person we ought to be

c.The consequences of our actions

d.Our duties and rights rather than the consequences of our actions

b.To reflect on what kind of person we ought to be

Dental hygienists are required to maintain their level of knowledge and skill through participation in which of the following?

a.Graduation from an accredited institution where dental hygiene is taught

b.Appropriate continuing education programs

c.Using standardized operating procedures

d.Using top quality rather than inferior quality materials

b.Appropriate continuing education programs

Nonmaleficence is concerned with doing no harm to a patient. Beneficence requires that existing harm be removed.

a.Both statements are true.

b.Both statements are false.

c.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

d.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

a.Both statements are true.

Which of the following principles is self-determination and the ability to be self-governing and self-directing?

a.Beneficence

b.Autonomy

c.Justice

d.Paternalism

e.Veracity

b.Autonomy

Which of the following is true concerning the ethical decision-making model presented in the chapter?

a.It is a four-step approach diagrammed as a square grid.

b.It is a four-step approach diagrammed as a circle.

c.It is a six-step approach diagrammed as a square grid.

d.It is a six-step approach diagrammed as a circle.

d.It is a six-step approach diagrammed as a circle.

Which of the following principles is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved?

a.Nonmaleficence

b.Beneficence

c.Autonomy

d.Justice

d.Justice

Which of the following is associated with the American Dental Association (ADA) Code of Ethics?

a.Five core values

b.Five fundamental principles

c.Seven core values

d.Seven fundamental principles

b.Five fundamental principles

The provision of dental care is applied equally in the United States. People who present for treatment are granted access based on their dental needs.

a.Both statements are true.

b.Both statements are false.

c.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

d.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

b.Both statements are false.

Which of the following means that the health care professional acts as a parent and makes decisions for the patient?

a.Veracity

b.Informed consent

c.Paternalism

d.Confidentiality

c.Paternalism

Veracity is being honest and telling the truth. Honesty on the part of patient and clinician allows the patient to use his or her autonomy to make decisions in his or her own best interest.

a.Both statements are true.

b.Both statements are false.

c.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

d.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

a.Both statements are true.

The right of the patient to assess all the information provided by the professional yet still make a choice that is not the one most valued by the professional is known as

a.cognitive dissonance.

b.informed refusal.

c.a fork in the road.

d.independent thinking.

b.informed refusal.

Which of the following values and concepts is related to respect for persons and involves the patient exercising his or her autonomy in providing information to the professional?

a.Veracity

b.Capacity

c.Confidentiality

d.Paternalism

c.Confidentiality

The dental hygienist who suspects child abuse should place the welfare of the child over the autonomy of the parent. The stronger duty in this instance is the good of the child, not the right of the parent.

a.Both statements are true.

b.Both statements are false.

c.The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

d.The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

a.Both statements are true.

Which of the following principles is found in the American Dental Hygiene Association code but not in the American Dental Association code?

a.Beneficence

b.Nonmaleficence

c.Veracity

d.Societal trust

d.Societal trust

How does dental hygiene fit with the goals of health promotion that have been established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?

a.Dental hygienists are focused on prevention.

b.Dental hygienists are well-respected professionals.

c.Dental hygienists are licensed by their respective State Board of Dentistry.

d.Dental hygienists can collaborate with fellow health care professionals.

a.Dental hygienists are focused on prevention.

The concept of service and the aspirations for professionalism in dental hygiene are established in which of the following documents?

a.Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings—Centers for Disease Control

b.The American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA) Code of Ethics

c.The American Dental Association (ADA) Code of Ethics

d.The State Board of Dentistry for the respective state

b.The American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA) Code of Ethics

How the dental hygienist uses his or her skills and knowledge to advance the public good is part of the obligation laid out in which of the following?

a.Code of Ethics

b.Curriculum vitae

c.Prima facie duties

d.Res gestae

a.Code of Ethics

According to the text, a dentist's decision to participate or not in a safety net program such as Medicaid can be viewed as fulfillment of which of the following?

a.Establishing adequate reimbursement levels

b.The social contract

c.Providing a broad range of services

d.Ensuring a good practitioner to patient ratio

b.The social contract

The principle that the first obligation of a health care provider is to do no harm is known as which of the following?

a.Integrity

b.Justice

c.Beneficence

d.Nonmaleficence

d.Nonmaleficence

Which of the following options was recommended for Joan Lakeside according to the hypothetical case presented in the textbook?

a.Showing her oral pathology textbook to Dr. McVey and attempt to convince him to refer the patient.

b.Go to another practitioner herself to try and gather support for her position.

c.Call the patient herself and recommend another opinion.

d.Do nothing and wait for the patient's next appointment.

a.Showing her oral pathology textbook to Dr. McVey and attempt to convince him to refer the patient.

Which of the following is associated with making a choice rather than resolving a dilemma?

a.Careful decision making

b.Issues of right and wrong

c.Weighing options

d.A variety of answers, each of which has an element of rightness

b.Issues of right and wrong

The two aspects that are involved in ethics are the ability to discern right from wrong and

a.complying with laws enacted by the state legislature.

b.complying with rules established by the state board of dentistry.

c.the commitment to act on a decision.

d.maintaining the status quo.

c.the commitment to act on a decision.

Each of the following is one of the "four A's" of The American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACCN) EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

a.Act

b.Affirm

c.Assess

d.Associate

e.Ask

d.Associate

Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision-making model presented in the text?

a.State the options.

b.Identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

c.Apply the ethical principles to the options.

d.Collect information.

b.Identify the ethical dilemma or problem.

The ethical decision-making process is futile if no action is taken, because no action represents tacit approval of the situation.

a.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

b.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

c.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

d.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

e.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

a.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

Dental hygienists usually are employed by a dentist or groups of dentists, which is problematic, because an ethical conflict or dilemma can be intensified when a subordinate observes an unethical action performed by an individual in a position of power.

a.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

b.Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

c.The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.

d.The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

e.NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

a.Both the statement and reason are correct and related.