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Absolute Monarchy

Total power held by a king or queen.

Causes of Absolutism

Wealth from exploration and religious conflicts.

Characteristics of Absolutism

Took power from nobles, divine right, military strength.

Louis XIV

Patron of arts; waged expensive wars.

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia; controlled church and nobles.

Ivan the Terrible

Ruthless ruler known for terror in Russia.

30 Years War

Religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants.

Impact of 30 Years War

Altered Europe's political landscape, leading to modern states.

Emerging Kingdoms

France and Sweden formed post-war.

England's Absolutism

Parliament shared power; led to rebellion.

Charles I

English king involved in civil conflict.

English Civil War

Conflict between king and parliament.

Constitutional Monarchy

Current British monarchy

Prime Minister

Most powerful position in English cabinet.

Scientific Revolution

Introduced scientific method for inquiry.

Geocentrism

Belief that Earth is the center of the universe.

Heliocentrism

Theory that Earth revolves around the sun.

Galileo and Copernicus

Astronomers who supported heliocentrism.

Galileo

The church opposed his scientific findings.

Isaac Newton

Formulated laws of gravity supporting heliocentrism.

Smallpox Vaccine

Developed during the Scientific Revolution.

Enlightenment

Reevaluation of government, religion, and economics.

Philosophes

French thinkers promoting Enlightenment ideas.

Hobbes vs Locke

Differing views on human nature and government.

Rousseau

Philosophes that Advocated for equality and consensual government.

Voltaire

Philosophes that promoted tolerance and freedom of speech.

Beccaria

Argued for rights of the accused.

Montesquieu

Proposed separation of government powers.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Advocated for women's rights through essays.

Enlightened Despot

Absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas.

Joseph II of Austria

Example of enlightened despot aiding his country.

Catherine the Great

Is an enlightenment despot

Baroque Art

Reflects grandeur and power of absolutism.

Neoclassical Art

Emphasizes reason and democratic ideals.

Encyclopedia

Collection of knowledge reflecting Enlightenment values.

Gunpowder Empires and China

Practiced absolutism similar to European monarchs.

Chinese Rulers

Maintained traditional absolutism, resisted Enlightenment concepts.