Livestock Vaccination

Vaccination

Stimulates immune response to prevent disease.

Advantages of Vaccines

Reduces disease incidence and improves livestock welfare.

Disadvantages of Vaccines

Costly and potential safety concerns with live vaccines.

Types of Vaccines

Includes live, non-live, and recombinant vaccines.

Live Vaccines

Weakened pathogens that replicate to induce immunity.

Non-Live Vaccines

Killed organisms or components that cannot replicate.

Adjuvants

Substances added to enhance vaccine effectiveness.

Endemic Diseases

Diseases consistently present in a specific area.

Epidemic Diseases

Diseases with sudden increases in occurrence.

Pandemic

Global spread of a disease, e.g., COVID-19.

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD)

Common endemic disease in UK livestock.

Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB)

Serious endemic disease affecting cattle health.

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Epidemic disease causing significant livestock losses.

Vaccine Development Time

Average of 10 years and $500 million.

Vaccine Uptake

Low adoption rates among UK ruminant farmers.

Routine Vaccinations

Key component of herd health management.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Reduced reliance on antibiotics through vaccination.

Vaccine Cost Concerns

Not always a primary issue for farmers.

Livestock Management

Involves nutrition, biosecurity, and vaccination strategies.

Immune Response

Body's defense mechanism activated by vaccines.

Vaccination Consequences

Failure to vaccinate can lead to disease outbreaks.

Veterinary Professional Advice

Guidance on specific vaccinations for livestock.

Common Vaccines in Dairy Farming

BVD, leptospirosis, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.

Vaccination Challenges

Practical issues in administering vaccines effectively.

bTB

Bovine tuberculosis; complex vaccine concerns exist.

Cattle Vaccination Rate

86% of farmers vaccinated cattle last year.

Second Dose Administration

Only 48% administered second doses on time.

Early Vaccination

14% vaccinated cattle earlier than recommended age.

Guidelines Importance

Lack of guidelines may lead to overlooked vaccinations.

UK Cattle Vaccines

36 vaccines available for cattle in the UK.

Sheep Vaccination Rate

More cattle vaccinated than sheep overall.

Licensed Sheep Vaccines

Over 20 vaccines licensed for sheep use.

Clostridial Diseases Vaccination

63% of UK sheep vaccinated against clostridial diseases.

Pasteurellosis Vaccination

51% of UK sheep vaccinated against Pasteurellosis.

Vaccine Availability Issues

Recent challenges in obtaining vaccines post-Brexit.

Combined Vaccines Preference

Farmers may prefer combined vaccines for convenience.

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD)

Costliest cattle disease; leads to abortions and infertility.

Persistently Infected (PI) Cattle

Infected fetuses shed virus continuously; management needed.

BVD Economic Impact

Costs UK £40 million annually; £46.50 per cow.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Present in 70% of UK herds; costly respiratory disease.

IBR Vaccination Rate

Only 22% of eligible cattle vaccinated against IBR.

IBR Clinical Signs

Symptoms appear after stress; high morbidity rates.

Leptospirosis

Zoonotic disease; dairy farmers at high risk.

Leptospirosis Vaccine

Inactivated vaccine available; important for farm health.

Leptospirosis Economic Impact

Costs UK £5-25 million in health and productivity.

Vaccination Boosters

Necessary to maintain protection against leptospirosis.

Category One Vaccination

Initial vaccination group for specific livestock diseases.

Category Two Vaccination

Secondary vaccination group for livestock diseases.

Clostridial Diseases

Infections from soil bacteria causing sudden animal deaths.

Lamb Dysentery

Disease affecting young lambs, high mortality in flocks.

Pulpy Kidney

Enterotoxaemia causing rapid kidney decomposition in sheep.

Blackleg

Bacterial infection causing muscle inflammation and discoloration.

Antibiotic Ineffectiveness

Antibiotics ineffective due to rapid disease onset.

Vaccination Importance

Vaccines crucial for preventing clostridial diseases.

UK Ewe Lameness

Over 3% of UK ewes are lame at any time.

Vaccine Cost Impact

Average cost of £3.60 per lame ewe.

Vaccination Prevalence Threshold

Vaccines recommended when lameness exceeds 19% prevalence.

Vaccine Protection Duration

Partial protection lasts 4-6 months post-vaccination.

Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis

Widespread disease affecting sheep, first recorded in 1997.

Orf Virus

Parapoxvirus affecting ruminants, spreads easily but rarely fatal.

Market Penetration of Orf Vaccine

Estimated at 16% of sheep flocks vaccinated.

Animal Welfare Concerns

Painful sores from Orf impact animal welfare perceptions.

Vaccination Site Errors

27% used incorrect site for vaccinations.

Alpaca Vaccination

Vaccinations for alpacas include clostridial vaccines.

Cria Vaccination Timing

First dose given at a few weeks old.

Lambivac Vaccine

Contains 3 strains of clostridial bacteria.

Heptavac Vaccine

Contains 6 strains of clostridial and pasturella.

Newcastle Disease

Viral disease causing high mortality in poultry.

Poultry Disease Transmission

Spread via air, respiratory discharge, and feces.

Biosecurity

Measures to prevent disease spread in animals.

Newcastle Disease

Infectious disease affecting birds; culling required.

Culling

Destruction of infected or exposed animals.

Salmonella Vaccine

Required for chickens to stamp British Lions logo.

Foodborne Disease

Illness caused by contaminated food consumption.

Salmonellosis Symptoms

Include blood/watery faeces, poor growth, lethargy.

PRRS

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome affecting pigs.

Economic Cost of PRRS

Cost UK £26 million in 2018.

Transmission of PRRS

Spread via contact, vectors, and wind.

PRRS Symptoms

Include anorexia, diarrhoea, respiratory distress, stillbirth.

African Swine Fever

Viral disease with nearly 100% mortality rate.

Current ASF Vaccines

Two vaccines available in Vietnam by August 2024.

ASF Symptoms

Include vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy, high temperatures.

Needle-Free Vaccination

Research on intradermal vaccination to improve welfare.

Needle Contamination

Concern over disease spread via reused needles.

Vaccination Efficacy

Effectiveness of vaccines in preventing disease.

Vertical Transmission

Disease spread from parent to offspring.

Horizontal Transmission

Disease spread between individuals of the same generation.

Live Attenuated Vaccines

Vaccines using weakened pathogens for immunity.

Inactivated Vaccines

Vaccines using killed pathogens for immunity.

Vaccination Strategy

Plan for administering vaccines to livestock.

Animal Welfare

Well-being of animals in farming practices.

Economic Impact of Disease

Financial losses due to livestock diseases.