BIOL 1113 (General Biology 2) Exam 2 Mary Susan Potts Santone

Virus

Obligate intracellular parasite composed of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat; cannot reproduce outside living cells; can be culture only inside living cells; cannot move, metabolize or respond to stimuli; evolve as a result of mutation and natural selection; very specific; all are infectious

Capsid

Protein coat of viruses the encloses a genome

Nucleic acid core

DNA or RNA in a virus that is either single or double stranded; linear or circlar

(4) morphological categories

Icosahedral, complex, helical, spherical

Type of nucleic acid, size, shape, and presence of outer envelope

What is the classification of viruses based on?

Bacteriophage

A virus that infect and replicates within a bacterium

Lytic cycle

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation/assembly, release; growth cycle of the bacteriophage in which the production and release of new viruses; ultimately leads to cell lysis

Lysogenic cycle

Growth cycle of a bacteriophage consisting of integration, prophase integration, and excision; new phages are not made and the host cell is not destroyed during this cycle

Prophage

The genetic material of a bacteriophage, incorporated into the genome of a bacterium and able to produce phages if specifically activated

Viroid

naked strands of RNA; causes many crop diseases

Prion

Protein molecules with contagious tertiary structure; causes some human and other animal diseases

Emerging disease

Disease that that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range

HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus, is the cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; primarily spread by sexual contact between infected and uninfected individuals.

Zika Virus

Viral illness that causes fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis; mosquito is vector; spread from Africa to the Americas

Prokaryote

Single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles; bacteria and archaea

Bacteria

Domain of prokaryotes; Cell wall contains peptidoglycan; base sequence of rRNA different from archaea; most 1-5 micrometers

Archaea

Domain of prokaryotes; cell walls contain polysaccarides and proteins; base sequence of rRNA different from bacteria; biochemically more like Eukarya than bacteria; better suited for extreme environments

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Movement of one or more genes from one species to another; increases genetic diversity; common among archaea and bacteria

Prokaryote cell surface

Plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall surrounded by glycocalyx

Cilia

An organelle used for cell movement; lines the surface of the cell an beats in rhythmic waves to provide locomotion

Flagellum

A thin, threadlike structure on cells that provides locomotion by whipping back and forth; prokaryotic type spin, propelled by machines composed of a filament, hook, and motor

Binary fission

Asexual reproduction in which the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two new cells

Budding

Asexual reproduction in which a new organisms develops from a bud due to cell division at one particular site

Conjunction

Sexual reproduction where sex pilus forms between two cells; donor cell passes DNA to recipient through puilus

Transformation

Sexual reproduction that occurs then bacterium picks up free pieces of DNA from other prokaryotes

Transduction

Sexual reproduction when bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another

Plasmid

Small, circular, double stranded, DNA molecule within a cell, separate from chromosomal DNA;

Endospore

Asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells; response to unfavorable reproduction conditions of cells

Obligate aerobes

Prokaryotes unable to grow in the absence of free oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Prokaryotes unable to grow in the presence if free oxygen; these organisms can cause botulism, gangrene, and tetanus

Facultative anaerobes

Prokaryotes able to grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen

Autotroph

An organisms capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy

Heterotroph

An organism incapable of manufacturing its own food and instead must obtain food and energy by taking in organic substances

Photoautotroph

An organisms that carries out photosynthesis to synthesize its own food

Chemoautotroph

Organisms that oxidizes inorganic compounds to obtain energy; reduces CO2 to use for organics it needs to synthesize

Saprotroph

Organism that feeds on or derives nourishment from decaying organic matter; decomposers

Symbiosis

A relationship between two or more organisms that live closely together; there are many types such as commensalism, parasitism, or mutualism

Commensalism

Symbiotic relationship where one benefits the other without affecting it

Mutualism

Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit

Parasitism

Symbiotic relationship where one organisms lives off and harms the other

Common bacterial diseases

Salmonela, E. coli, anthrax, syphillis, gonorrhea, chlamidya, plague, whooping cough, lyme disease are examples of what?

Antibiotic

A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms

Gram-positive (bacteria)

Type of bacteria that stains purple, has a thick peptidoglycan layer on outer envelope, and responds most to cillin antibiotics

Gram-negative (bacteria)

Type of bacteria that stains pink, has thin peptioglycan layer covered by a thin lipoplysaccharride layer

Shapes of bacteria

Round, rod, comma, rigid spiral, and flexible spirals are all what?

Pseudopodia

A temporary cytoplasm filled projection of an cell that provides locomotion by extending forward then retracting the body in the direction of movement

Archaea

This domain of organisms are mostly chemoautotrophs found in harsh conditions, sometimes mutualistic or commensalistic, never parasitic or photosynthetic

Extremophile

An organisms that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions.

Methanogen

Archaea that produce methane gas from H2 and CO2; may live in anaerobic marshes or ruminant (herbivorous) gut

Halophile

Archaea that require high salt concentrations to grow; often found in salty lakes

Thermoacidophile

Archaea that reduce sulfides and survive best at temps above 80ºC; plasma membranes contain unusual lipids that allow tolerance to high temps

Protist

Any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal plant or fungi; very diverse: some photoautotophic (many plankton), some heterotrophic, many symbionts, some pathogenic/parasitic; difficult to classify

Eukaryotes

Discoba, Land plants and relatives, Stramenopila, Alveolata, Amoebozoa, Rhizaria, and Opisthokonta are supergroups of what ?

Discoba

Euglenozoa, Kinetoplatids, and Metamonada are a part of what supergroup ?

Euglenoids

Small freshwater unicellular organisms; difficult to classify; have 2 flagellae and an eyespot; have chloroplasts surrounded by 3 rather than 2 membranes

Kinetoplastids and Metamonada

Colorless heterotrophs with unusual mitochondria; most symbiotic and many parasitic; well known for causing carious disease in humans

Kinetoplastids

Trypanosomes (African sleeping sickness) and Leishmania are types of what class of eukarya?

Metamonada

Giardia lamblia (common flagellate in digestive tract) and trichomonas vaginalis (sexually transmitted protist) are types of what class of eukarya?

Land plants and their relatives

Green algae, red algae, haptophytes, and the Kingdom Plantae are a part of which eukaryotic supergroup?

Stramenopila

Brown algae, diatoms, and water molds are a part of which eukaryotic supergroup ?

Alveolata

Ciliophora, Dinozoa, and Apicomplexa are a part of which eukaryotic supergroup?

Amoebozoa

Amoeboids and slime molds are a part of which eukaryotic supergroup?

Rhizaria

Foraminiferans, Radiolarians, and Chlorarachniophyta are a part of which eukarytoic supergroup ?

Opisthokonta

Chanoflagellates and Kingdoms Animalia and Fungi are a part of which euaryotic supergroup ?

Green Algae

Member of the phylum Chlorophyta, this classification of organisms are found in a variety of environments; majority are unicellular, but many are filamentous or colonial; some are multicellular and resemble leaves of lettuce; some symbiotic with fungi, plants, or animals.

Red Algae

Member of the phylum Rhodophyta, this classification of organisms are multicellular, found in marine environments, and are of great economic importance for their use in things such as agar, carrageenan, and sushi

Brown Algae

Member of the supergroup Stramenopila, this classification of organisms often live in cold ocean waters along rocky coasts; never unicellular and can come in small simple form or large forms that may exceed 200m in length; seaweeds, kelp, rockweed, holdfast, stipe, blade, air bladder,

Diatom

Member of the supergroup Stramenopila, this classification of organisms are the most numerous unicellular algae in the oceans; they make up a significant portion of phytoplankton; cell wall constructed of two valves (larger valve acts as lid) and cilia

Dinozoa

Member of the supergroup Alveolata, this classification consists of aquatic and marine unicellular organisms; they have cells bounded by protective cellulose plates and have two flagella;

Ciliophora

Member of the supergroup Alveolata, this classification of organisms are among the most complex of the protozoans: have hundreds of cilia beat in coordination, most are holozoic (swallow food whole), divide in asexual reproduction, have two nuclei of differing types (micronucleus: heredity; macronucleus: metabolism)

Apicomplexans

Member of the supergroup Alveolata, this classification of nonmotile obligate parasites (move around in spore state) contain apical complex of organelles on mesozoites/sporozoites; are parasites and one species causes Malaria, another causes toxoplasmosis

Plankton

Microscopic organisms drifting or floating in the sea of fresh water, consisting chiefly of diatoms, protozoans, small crustaceans, and the eggs and larval stages of larger animals; Many animals are adapted to feed on these organisms.

Amoeboids

Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa, these organisms move and ingest their food with pseudopods; Entamoeba histolytica is a parasite of the human colon; Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Foraminiferans and Radiolarians

Members of the supergroup Rhizaria, these two classifications of organisms both have skeleton of either calcite or silica

Choanofagellates

Members of the supergroup Opisthokonta, this classification of microscopic organisms are found in marine and fresh water environments, can be solitary or colonial, attached or free swimming, and have single flagellum surrounded by collar of microvillia

Modes of nutrition

(look in lab book)

Spore

Unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival until finding a suitable habitat to grow

Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax

Asexual reproduction

Type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organisms and inherit the genet of that parent only

Sexual reproduction

Type of reproduction by which organisms combine genetic information from two individuals of different sexes

Conjugation

The temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material

Red tide

Tremendous concentrations of dinoflagellates in the water collumn

Zooxanthellate

Symbiotic dinoflagellates in corals

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

When toxins from dinoflagellates affect organisms higher up the food chain than the filter-feeders that ingest dinoflagellates, especially effects humans who may eat shellfish

Paramecium

Ciliates that partake in conjugation where the macro nucleus will degenerate and the micro nucleus with replicate through meiosis; when the paramecium conjugate, the organisms will swap micro nuclei and one will become the new macronucleus

Haploid life cycle

Life cycle where haploid cells turn into gametes, gametes fuse to form diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis to produce many haploid cells; occurs in organisms like volvox, dinoflagellates, sporozoans, and trypanossomes; organisms that we recognize are in their haploid state

Sporic/alternation of generations (life cycle)

Life cycle where in the course of the cycle we see two multicellular individuals, sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) generations;

a gametophyte gametes fuse into diploid zygote, which becomes a diploid sporophyte that produces a sporangium where meiosis occurs and produces haploid gametophyte spore; green plants, algae, and foraminiferans

Diploid life cycle

Life cycle where we recognize the diploid individual; haploid gametes fuse into diploid zygotes that undergo lots of mitosis; Animals, green algae, diatoms, ciliates

Fungi

Sapotrophic decomposers that include mushrooms, mildew, mold, morels, and yeasts

Osmotrophy

Uptake of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis for nutrition

Thallus

A plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system

Mycelium

Fungal body composed of vast network of thread-like filaments called hyphae

Aseptate fungi

Type of fungi with hyphae that is not partitioned by septa; multinucleated

Septate fungi

Type of fungi with hyphae that is partitioned by septa (cross walls); ascomycota (sac fungi) basidiomycota (club)

Hyphae

A branching filament that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Chitin

A polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi

(Fungal) sexual reproduction

Way that fungi reproduce which involves four different stages: haploid hyphae, dikaryotic stage, diploid zygote, spores

(Fungal) asexual reproduction

Way that fungi reproduce that involves sporangium and zygospores

Bread molds (zygospore fungi)

Type of fungi, mainly saprotrophs that decompose animal and plant remains; some parasites of soil protists worms and insects; ie black bread mold

Sac fungi (Ascomycota)

Type of fungi, ascomycetes, mainly saprotrophs that digest resistant materials containing cellulose, lignin, or collagen; septate hyphae; produce asci, ascospores, and ascocarps; produce dikaryotic mycelium with two kinds of nuclei; ie neurospora, morels and truffles, yeasts, penicillin