Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone that increases kidney water retention.

Blood Pressure

Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.

Isotonic Solution

Equal solute and solvent concentrations.

Hypertonic Solution

Higher solute concentration than solvent.

Plasma Osmolality

Concentration of solutes in plasma.

Dehydration

Condition resulting from insufficient water intake.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney.

Afferent Arteriole

Blood vessel supplying blood to nephron.

Glomerulus

Network of capillaries in the nephron.

Bowman's Capsule

Structure surrounding the glomerulus.

Renal Corpuscle

Combination of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

First segment of nephron after Bowman's capsule.

Loop of Henle

U-shaped segment of nephron for concentration.

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Segment of nephron furthest from glomerulus.

Collecting Duct

Final segment of nephron for urine collection.

Sodium

Primary solute in blood plasma.

Water Retention

Process of conserving water in the body.

Kidney Function

Regulates fluid balance and blood pressure.

Stimulus for ADH Release

Decreased blood pressure and increased osmolality.

Fluid Balance

Equilibrium between water intake and loss.

Osmoregulation

Regulation of osmotic pressure in the body.

Renal System

System responsible for urine production.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Hormonal Regulation

Control of physiological processes by hormones.

Kidney Anatomy

Structure and organization of the kidneys.

Fluid Dynamics

Movement and behavior of fluids in the body.

Blood Volume

Total amount of blood in circulation.

Kidney Health

Condition and functionality of the kidneys.

Collecting Duct

Final segment of nephron collecting urine.

Principal Cell

Cell type in collecting duct regulating water.

Blood Pressure Decrease

Stimulates release of hormones like ADH.

Plasma Osmolality Increase

Indicates higher concentration of solutes in blood.

Pituitary Gland

Endocrine gland regulating various hormones.

Posterior Pituitary

Stores and releases hormones like ADH.

Anterior Pituitary

Produces hormones regulating other glands.

Hypothalamus

Brain region controlling pituitary gland functions.

Supraoptic Nucleus

Hypothalamic nucleus producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone regulating water retention in kidneys.

Osmoreceptor

Receptor sensing plasma osmolality changes.

Angiotensin II

Hormone released during low blood pressure.

Angiotensin Receptor

Receptor activated by angiotensin II.

V2 Receptor

Receptor on principal cells for ADH action.

Gs Protein

Protein activated by V2 receptor signaling.

GDP

Inactive form of guanosine diphosphate.

GTP

Active form of guanosine triphosphate.

Adenylate Cyclase

Enzyme converting ATP to cyclic AMP.

Cyclic AMP

Second messenger in cellular signaling.

Kidneys

Organs filtering blood and producing urine.

Hormonal Signaling

Communication through hormones affecting target cells.

Fluid Regulation

Process maintaining body fluid balance.

Urine Formation

Process of producing urine from blood.

Hormonal Response

Physiological changes triggered by hormone release.

Receptor Activation

Binding of hormone to receptor initiating response.

Signal Transduction

Process of converting extracellular signals to cellular responses.

Cyclic AMP

Second messenger activating protein kinase A.

Protein Kinase A (PKA)

Enzyme stimulating gene expression in the nucleus.

Nucleus

Cell organelle where DNA and RNA synthesis occurs.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcribed RNA carrying genetic information to ribosomes.

Ribosome

Cell structure synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Aquaporin II

Water channel protein in principal cells.

Aquaporin III

Water channel protein on cell membrane.

Aquaporin IV

Another water channel protein on cell membrane.

Aquaporin I

Water channel protein in proximal convoluted tubules.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles.

Phosphorylation

Addition of phosphate group to a protein.

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs transporting proteins.

Hypertonic Solution

Solution with higher solute concentration than cell.

Blood Vessels

Structures transporting blood throughout the body.

Reabsorption

Process of reclaiming water from filtrate.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Hormone regulating water balance in the body.

V1 Receptors

Receptors on blood vessels for vasoconstriction.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels increasing blood pressure.

Increased Blood Pressure

Result of higher water volume and vasoconstriction.

Plasma Osmolality

Concentration of solutes in blood plasma.

Principal Cells

Kidney cells involved in water reabsorption.

Solutes

Substances dissolved in a solution.

Cell Membrane

Barrier regulating entry and exit of substances.

Water Reabsorption

Process of water moving back into blood.

Heart Function

Pumping blood influenced by blood volume changes.

Blood Pressure Regulation

Maintaining optimal blood pressure levels.

Aquaporin Activation

Triggered by increased plasma osmolality or decreased pressure.

Feedback Mechanism

System regulating hormone and water levels.