Ch. IX - Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity

Causes of brain damage in neuropsychological disorders

- Brain tumors

- Cerebrovascular disorders

- Closed head injuries

- Infections of the brain

- Neurotoxins

- Genetic factors (eg. Downs syndrome)

brain tumors; cerebrovascular disorders; closed head injuries; infections of the brain; neurotoxins; genetic factors

Causes of brain damage in neuropsychological disorders include _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Neoplasm (tumor)

A _____ is a mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body.

mass of cells; independently; the rest of the body

A neoplasm is a _____ that grows _____ of _____.

20%

_____ of brain tumors are meningiomas (encased in the meninges).

meningiomas; encased in the meninges

20% of brain tumors are _____ (_____).

Meningiomas

_____ are encapsulated, growing within their own membranes.

encapsulated; within their own membranes

Meningiomas are _____, growing _____.

benign; surgically removable

Meningiomas are usually _____ and _____.

brain; pressure they exert; surrounding tissues

Meningiomas can influence the function of the _____ only by _____ on the _____.

infiltrating

Most brain tumors are _____.

Brain tumors

_____ grow diffusely throughout surrounding tissue.

diffusely; surrounding tissue

Brain tumors grow _____ throughout _____.

malignant; difficult to remove or destroy

Brain tumors are _____ and _____.

Gliomas

Brain tumors that develop from glial cells are called _____.

infiltrating; rapidly growing; unfortunately common

Gliomas are _____, _____, and _____.

10%

_____ of brain tumors are metastatic (they originate elsewhere, usually in the lungs).

metastatic; originate elsewhere; lungs

10% of tumors are _____, meaning they _____, usually in the _____.

Strokes

_____ are sudden onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage.

cerebrovascular disorders; brain damage

Strokes are sudden onset _____ that cause _____.

fifth; adult disability

In the U.S., strokes are the _____ leading cause of death and leading cause of _____.

amnesia; aphasia; paralysis; coma

Common consequences of strokes are _____, _____, _____, and _____.

cerebral hemorrhage; cerebral ischemia

There are two main types of strokes: those resulting from _____ and those resulting from _____.

Cerebral hemorrhage

_____ refers to bleeding in the brain.

Cerebral hemorrhage

With a _____, blood vessels rupture and blood seeps into surrounding neural tissue, damaging it.

blood vessels; blood; surrounding neural tissue

With a cerebral hemorrhage, _____ rupture and _____ seeps into _____, damaging it.

aneurysm

An _____ is a type of cerebral hemorrhage.

aneurysm

An _____ is a pathological bacon-like dilation that forms in the wall of a blood vessel at a point where the elasticity of the wall is defective.

pathological bacon-like dilation; blood vessel; elasticity; defective

An aneurysm is a _____ that forms in the wall of a _____ at a point where the _____ of the wall is _____.

congenital; poison; infection

An aneurysm may be _____ or due to _____ or _____.

Cerebral ischemia

_____ refers to disruption of blood supply to an area of the brain.

disruption; blood supply; area of the brain

Cerebral ischemia refers to _____ of _____ to an _____.

Cerebral ischemia

Thrombosis is a type of _____.

Thrombosis

With _____, a plug forms and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation.

plug; blood flow; site of its formation

With thrombosis, a _____ forms and blocks _____ at the _____.

Cerebral Ischemia

An embolism is a type of _____.

Embolism

With an _____, a plug forms elsewhere and is carried by the blood from a larger vessel (where it was formed) to a smaller one, where it becomes lodged.

elsewhere; blood; larger vessel; smaller one; lodged

With an embolism, a plug forms _____ and is carried by the _____ from a _____ (where it was formed) to a _____, where it becomes _____.

Arteriosclerosis

With _____, the walls of blood vessels thicken, usually due to fat deposits.

walls of blood vessels thicken; fat deposits

With arteriorsclerosis, the _____, usually due to _____.

Cerebral ischemia

Damage due to _____ does not develop immediately (takes a day to two to develop)

does not develop immediately; a day to two

Damage due to cerebral ischemia _____ (takes _____ to develop).

excess neurotransmitter release; glutamate

Most damage due to cerebral ischemia is a consequence of _____, especially _____.

blood-deprived neurons; overactive; glutamate

With damage due to cerebral ischemia, _____ become _____ and release _____.

glutamate; receptors; n-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors; Na+ and Ca++

With damage due to cerebral ischemia, _____ overactivates its _____, especially _____, leading to an influx of _____.

The release of more glutamate; a sequence of internal reactions that ultimately kill the neuron

With damage due to cerebral ischemia, the influx of Na+ and Ca++ triggers:

1. _____

2. _____

takes time to develop

Ischemia-induced brain damage _____.

equally; all parts of the brain; neurons; certain areas in the hippocampus

Ischemia-induced brain damage does not occur _____ in _____ (particularly susceptible are _____ in _____).

mechanisms of damage; brain structure affected

With ischemia-induced brain damage, the _____ may vary with the _____.

Closed-head injuries

_____ are brain injuries due to blows that do not penetrate the skull- the brain collides with the skull.

brain injuries; do not penetrate the skull; collides;

Closed-head injuries are _____ due to blows that _____; the brain _____ with the skull.

Contusions

_____ are closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system.

closed-head injuries; damage; cerebral circulatory system

Contusions are _____ that involve _____ to the _____.

bruise; brain itself

A contusions is a _____ to the _____.

bleeding; swelling; inside; the head was struck

A contusion causes _____ and _____ _____ of the brain around the area where _____.

skull fractures; blood clots; subdural hematoma

A contusion may occur with _____ or other _____ such as a _____.

Contrecoup injuries

With _____, contusions are often on the side of the brain opposite to the blow.

opposite to the blow

With contrecoup injuries, contusions are often on the side of the brain _____.

Hematoma

A _____ is a localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue (a bruise) that forms.

localized collection; clotted blood; organ; tissue; bruise

A hematoma is a _____ of clotted blood in an _____ or _____ (a _____) that forms.

Hematoma

In a _____, blood can accumulate in the subdural space (between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane)

blood; subdural space; dura mater; arachnoid membrane

In a hematoma, _____ can accumulate in the _____ (between the _____ and _____).

Concussion

A _____ occurs when there is a disturbance of consciousness following a blow tot he head and no evidence of structural damage.

disturbance of consciousness; blow to the head; no evidence of structural damage

A concussion occurs when there is a _____ following a _____ and _____.

single concussion; chronic traumatic encephalopathy

While there is no apparent brain damage with a single concussion, multiple may result _____.

"punch-drunk syndrome"

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy was formerly known as _____.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

_____ is the dementia (general intellectual deterioration) and cerebral scarring that is observed in individuals who have experienced repeated concussive, or even subconcussive blows to the head.

dementia; cerebral scarring; repeated concussive or subconcussive blows to the head

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is the _____ and _____ that is observed in individuals who have experienced _____.

degeneration; brain tissue; accumulation; tau protein

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is characterized by _____ of _____ and the _____ of _____.

dementia; memory loss; aggression; confusion; depression; years or even decades

Individuals with chronic traumatic encephalopathy may show symptoms of _____ such as _____, _____, _____, and _____, which generally appears _____ after the trauma.

Post-traumatic amnesia

With _____, concussions may cause retrograde amnesia for the period before the blow and some anterograde amnesia after.

retrograde amnesia; before the blow; some anterograde amnesia after

With post-traumatic amnesia, concussions may cause _____ for the period _____ and _____.

anterograde amnesia; temporary failure; memory consolidation

The period of _____ in post-traumatic amnesia suggests a _____ of _____.

consolidation; storage; recent memories

Concussions disrupt _____ (_____) of _____.

Hebb's

_____ theory is that memories are stored in the short term by neural activity. Interference with this activity prevents memory consolidation.

short term; neural activity; activity; memory consolidation

Hebb's theory is that memories are stored in the _____ by _____. Interference with this _____ prevents _____.

Brain infection

_____ is caused by the invasion of the brain by microorganisms.

invasion; brain; microorganisms

Brain infection is caused by the _____ of the _____ by _____.

Encephalitis

_____ refers to the resulting inflammation of the brain itself following the invasion of microorganisms.

resulting inflammation; brain; invasion; microorganisms

Encephalitis refers to the _____ of the _____ following the _____ of _____.

accesses; pockets of pus

Bacterial infections of the brain often lead to _____, _____.

meninges; meningitis

Bacterial infections of the brain may inflame the _____, creating _____.

Meningitis

_____ is treated with penicillin and other antibiotics (this eliminates infection but cannot reverse the brain damage).

penicillin; other antibiotics; eliminates infection; reverse the brain damage

Meningitis is treated with _____ and _____ (this _____ but cannot _____).

fatal; untreated

Meningitis is _____ is left _____.

_____ may produce a syndrome of insanity and dementia known as general paresis.

Syphilis

_____ may produce a syndrome of insanity and dementia known as general paresis.

insanity; dementia

Syphilis may produce a syndrome of _____ and _____ known as general paresis.

general paresis

Syphilis may produce a syndrome of insanity and dementia known as _____.

Syphilis bacteria

_____ are passed to the non-infected and enter a dormant stage for many years.

non-infected; dormant stage; many years

Syphilis bacteria are passed to the _____ and enter a _____ for _____.

viral infections

Some _____ preferentially attack neural tissues.

preferentially attack neural tissues

Some viral infections _____.

Rabies

_____ is a viral infection of the brain that is transmitted by animals and causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.

viral infection; brain; animals; inflammation; brain; spinal cord

Rabies is a _____ of the _____ that is transmitted by _____ and causes _____ of the _____ and _____.

Once the rabies virus reaches the spinal cord and brain, it is almost always fatal.

ten days; 30 to 50; brain; where they have been bit

The rabies virus typically takes at least _____ (usually _____ days) to reach the _____. How long depends on _____.

rabies immune globulin; vaccine; injection; rabies

People who have been bitten may be given _____ and _____ by _____ to prevent _____.

Rabies immune globulin

_____, which consists of antibodies to the virus, provides protection immediately but only for a short time.

antibodies; protection; immediately; short-time

Rabies immune globulin, which consists of _____ to the virus, provides _____ _____ but only for a _____.

Rabies vaccine

The _____ stimulates the body to produce antibodies to the virus.