Remedial Instruction in SPEAKING

Clustering

The process of grouping words together in a speech for more fluent delivery.

Redundancy

Including extra information or repetition in speech to aid comprehension.

Reduced forms

Shortened versions of words or phrases that may be difficult for learners to understand.

Performance variables

Factors that affect a speaker's ability to perform fluently.

Colloquial language

Informal, everyday speech that may not be understood by all learners.

Rate of delivery

The speed at which a speaker delivers their speech.

Stress, rhythm, and intonation

The patterns of emphasis and melody in speech that can alter meaning.

Interaction

The exchange between speaker and listener that affects communication.

Listen and imitate

Technique in pronunciation teaching where students repeat what they hear from a teacher model.

Phonetic training

Use of diagrams and phonetic alphabets to teach sound production.

Minimal Pair drills

Practices that differentiate similar sounds to improve pronunciation.

Contextualized minimal pairs

Teaching minimal pairs within a specific context to enhance understanding.

Visual aids

Materials that support the production of specific speech sounds.

Tongue twisters

Phrases designed to challenge pronunciation and fluency.

Developmental approximation drills

Practices that mimic the natural language development of children.

Vowel shift

The change of vowel sounds in different words or contexts.

Stress shift

Change in syllable emphasis when related words are used.

Reading aloud/recitation

Practicing speech through reading passages while focusing on delivery aspects.

Recording of learners’ production

Capturing spoken output for feedback and self-evaluation.

Contextualized practice

Linking language forms with their uses in real-life situations.

Personalizing language

Activities that encourage students to express personal ideas and emotions.

Building awareness of the social use of language

Understanding and practicing social communication norms.

Building confidence

Creating a supportive environment for learners to take risks in speaking.

Speech modifications

Adjustments teachers make in their speech to aid second language learners.

Speak at standard speed

Speaking at a measured pace with pauses for clarity.

Use more gestures, movement, and facial expressions

Employing non-verbal cues to support comprehension.

Be careful with fused forms

Avoiding excessive use of reduced language forms that may confuse learners.

Use shorter, simpler sentences

Communicating in clear, concise language for better understanding.

Use specific names instead of pronouns

Utilizing proper nouns for clarity in communication.

Fluency

The ability to speak smoothly and effortlessly.

Accuracy-based activities

Form-focused exercises designed to improve grammatical precision.

Interpersonal interactions

Communication that occurs between individuals in social contexts.

Communication strategies

Techniques that help convey messages effectively in conversations.

Positive climate

An encouraging classroom atmosphere that fosters learning.

Feedback

Information provided to learners about their performance.

Self-evaluation

Reflecting on one's own speaking abilities for improvement.

Articulatory descriptions

Explanations of how speech sounds are produced.

Phonetic alphabet

A standardized representation of sounds used for teaching pronunciation.

Meaningful response

A relevant answer prompted by a given context or stimulus.

Listening discrimination

The ability to distinguish between different sounds.

Sentence context

The surrounding words that provide meaning to a specific phrase.

Passage and scripts

Written material used for reading practice, focusing on speech delivery.

Teaching pronunciation

Methods and activities focused on improving learners' spoken language skills.

Pronunciation techniques

Specific methods used to teach the correct production of speech sounds.