Animal and dairy exam 3

Literature suggests that the domestication of the dog began in

Siberia 26,000-19,700 years ago and dispersed

Human did ____ tame wolves

Not

Domestic cats originate from

Near-Eastern and Egyptian populations of the African wildcat

Cats are not native to cyprus 

the tribe brought cats with them to the island

___ of U.S. households own a dog

45.5%

million pet dogs in the U.S

89.7%

of U.S. households own a cat

32.1%

 million pet cats (this excludes strays and feral colonies

73.8

Emotional support animals are allowed

on flights and non-pet friendly apartments

Emotional support dogs are

Not defined by the ADA (americans with disabilities act)

Therapy dogs are trained to be

calm and tolerant even in large groups

Therapy dogs go to

Schools, hospitals, nursing homes, ect

Therapy dogs are or are not covered by the ADA

Therapy dogs are NOT defined or protected by the ADA

Service dog:

a dog trained to do work or perform tasks for an individual with a disability. The task(s) performed by the dog must be directly related to the person’s disability

What are the different types of service animals 

  Seeing eye dog

• Hypoglycemia alert dogs

• Mobility aide dogs

• Seizure alert dogs

• Allergen detection dogs

ADA protects

Service animals

The ADA makes a distinction between

psychiatric service animals and emotional support animals

What are service animals not required to do

• Service animals are NOT required to be professionally trained

• Service animals are NOT required to have registrations or certifications

• Service animals are NOT required to wear a vest or harness designating them as a service animal

What questions are you allowed to ask a service animal 

1. Is that a service animal?

2. What work or task has the dog been trained to preform

Where are service animals allowed

– Shops/restaurants

– Buffet or food self-service lines

– Hotels (cannot be restricted to pet

friendly rooms)

-Hospitals

-Ambulances

What roles do scent detection dogs have

• Drugs

• Bombs

• Disease

– Seizures,

hypoglycemia,

migraines, cancer,

more

• Cadavers

• Landmines

• Missing people

• Truffles

• And more!

What roles do military and police dogs have

• Lots of overlap with scent detections for finding drugs, bombs, missing people, etc

• Can also be used for protection or to bring down suspects (“bite dogs

Herding dogs:

bred and trained to move livestock (anything from birds to cattle)

Headers:

work at the front of a herd or flock in open space to prevent it from scattering

Heelers:

work from behind to drive the herd or flock forward. Known to “nip at heel

What jobs do livestock guardian dogs have

– Used to protect herds or flocks

– Tend to be large breed dogs of certain breeds that are able to bond with livestock

– Need to be raised and trained for the job from an early age to ensure bonding with the herd/flock and that they are socialized to human

Pest control

Cats used for hunting mice and rats

Reasons for Euthanasia

• Space

• Behavior

• Health

Euthanasia Guidlines

• Holding period (GA is 3 days)

• Requires euthanasia to be reliable (carbon monoxide NOT acceptable) 

• Gunshots may be acceptable

No kill shelters:

• What communities think they want

• Can still euthanize up to 10% of the animals under their care

• Can turn an animal away or close their doors at any time for any reason

Open intake shelters:

• Accept any/all animals (under their jurisdiction)

• Likely deals with higher number of intakes and less “desirable” animals

• May transport animals to other no kill shelters or rescues, even in other states

In 1 year an un-spayed female cat can have ___ kittens 

18

Diseases in feral cats

• Feline Leukemia (FeLV),

• Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV),

• toxoplasmosis,

• Feline Herpesvirus, and even Rabies

Unowned cats can get infested with ___ parasites 

Fleas, Ticks, intestinal worms, and heartworms

Unowned cats account for

89% of mammal deaths

TNR

Trap, Neuter, Release

(BCS) Body condition score:

A way to access nutritional status (Based on visual assessment and palaptation)

Small animal BCS

• goes from scale 1-9

• Ideal is 4 or 5 

Obesity is a disease and is ___

Growing

Health risks of obesity

• Poor quality of life

• Chronic inflammation

• Pulmonary and cardiovascular

disease

• Compromised immune function

• Joint mobility (including

arthritis)

• Increased morbidity and

mortality under anesthesia

• Type 2 diabetes in cats

• Cancer

• Mammary and urothelial cell carcinoma

Obesity ___ life span

Shortens

Resting energy requirement (RER)

Energy for a normal, unfasted animal at rest in a thermoneutral environment

• The energy needed for digestion, absorption, & metabolism

RER Equation:

RER= (BW in Kg)^0.75 x (70)

Note: 1Kg= 2.2 lbs

Maintenance energy requirement (MER)

Energy requirement of a moderately active

adult animal in a thermoneutral environment.

• The energy needed for digestion, absorption, & metabolism PLUS obtaining and digesting food, and having energy stored for spontaneous activit

Calculating MER Adult:

Adult dogs: RER x 1.4 to 1.8

Adult cats: RER x 1.0 to 1.4

use number higher if intact or active 

use low number is obese prone

Calculation MER in young:

Puppies: >4 months RER x 2

<4 months. RER x 3

Kittens: RER x 2.5 OR can be fed free choice

To eat kittens need

A kitten formulated food

Toy, small, and medium breed puppies can be fed

A standard puppy or all life stages diet

Diets for large and giant breed dogs should be 

lower in energy, calcium, and vitamin D 

Large and giant breeds that grow to fast 

—> 

Developmental Orthopedic diesease

Cats are

Carnivores

Dogs are

Omnivores

Minimum dietary protein for feline

maintenance:

26%

• Cats have higher liver enzymes

Minimum dietary protein for canine

maintenance:

18%

Cats need to get certain amino acids through food that they cannot synthesize themselves. What do they get from animal protein? 

• Arginine: Arginine needed to convert ammonia to urea, Deficiency ammonia toxicity:, hyperammonemia, encephalopathy, can be fatal

• Taurine:Taurine is used to conjugate bile acids (important for digestion), Deficiency reproductive failure, low birth weight of kittens, developmental abnormalities, poor growth, dilated cardiomyopathy, compromised immune

WSAVA: World Small Animal Veterinary Association

Offers a global framework of questions for assessing a pet food company's commitment to nutritional expertise, research, and quality control

What are food brands that meet WSAVA Guidelines: 

Purina, Hills, Royal Canin, iams, Eukanuba

Grain free diets 

Linked to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Dorsal

Snout to tail (above)

Ventral

Chin to belly (bellow)

Cranial vs Caudal

Cranial: looking front

Caudal: behind

Rostral vs Caudal

Rostral: nose pointing foward

Caudal: ears pointing back

Medial vs Lateral

Medial: in the middle

Lateral: outside

Distal (talking about leg bone)

Away from the trunk (on the left)

Proximal (talking about leg bone)

Closer to the trunk (on the right)

Dog respiratory rate

10-30 bpm (or 200 pants per minute)

Heart rate small dog 

100-160 bpm

Heart rate medium or large dog

60-100 bpm

Heart rate puppies

120-160

Heart rate cats (Size and age dependent)

160-220

Kittens (very similar)

Respiratory rate cats 

20-30 bpm 

(Panting is NEVER normal)

Tacky gums 

Dehydration 

Capillary refill time (CRT)

< 2 seconds

(A prolonged can indicate shock,hypovolemia, dehydration, anemia, heart disease, and more)

Adenovirus-2 (cross protects for adenovirus type 1)

• Parainfluenza virus

• Distemper virus

• Parvovirus

• Leptospira virus

• Rabie

Canine Adenovirus-2 and parainfluenza-2 are both

are respiratory pathogens/viruses

Contributes to “kennel cough”

signs: acute cough (dry hacking), still eating/drinking, pyrexia, lethargy, oculonasal discharge

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver 

Signs for infectious canine hepatitis

Early: Fever, Depression, Legarthy

Late/severe: Adominal pain, pale mucous membranes,inflammation of the tonsils, bruising, hemorrhage, vomiting,diarrhea

also neurological signs 

causes severe eye damage 

Hepatitis transmission 

Urine, Feces, saliva

Foxes, raccoons, wolves and coyotes can also carry and transmit this

Canine distemper AKA Canine morbillivirus signs 

– Systemic: Fever and depression

– GI: vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia

– Respiratory: coughing and dyspnea

– Neurological: seizures, para or tetrapares

if dog servives they have long term affects 

Transmission Canine morbillivirus

respiratory secretions, urine, feces, vomit, fomites

Canine Parvovirus signs 

GI: vomiting, diarrhea (foul smelling), anorexia, dehydration

– Systemic: Fever, lethargy, sepsis, sudden death

can happen to any breed, age, or sex but mostly vulnerable are to puppies 6 weeks to 6 months 

This is one of the most environmentally resistant canine viruses

Canine Parvovirus

Rabies transmission

Bite from infected animal

• Direct contact of infected material into mucous membranes or open wound, ingestion of CNS tissue, saliva, or salivary glands

• (Can be transmitted from infected animal before they develop clinical signs) 

Rabies signs

Variable

Any acute behavior change or unexplained progressive paralysis.

Two forms 

• Furious form:  hypersensitive to stimuli, excitable,photophobic, aggressive, pica (eating unusual) things), incoordination

• paralytic/dumb form: paraparesis, dull, difficulty swallowing, dropped jaw

Cannot be diagnosed while the animal is alive 

Rabies 

Bordetella (kennel cough) + canine influenza

Dogs should be vaccinated if they are around other dogs, including dog parks, board facilities, doggy day care, groomers, dog shows, etc

Lyme dieses

Transmitted by ticks

Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) 

Vets divided on this

No clinical studies proving effectiveness

May sensitize the dog leading to anaphylaxis

Others say it does decrease severity and mortality

Core vaccines for cats

• Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1)

• Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

• Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV)

• Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

– In cats younger than 1 year

• Rabies

If not injectiing cats in the right placement for vaccines they can  

develop fibrosarcomas (a type of tumor) at injection sites

Respiratory viruses cats

Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) and Feline

calicivirus (FCV)

Signs of Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) and Feline calicivirus (FCV) 

: fever, lacrimation (eyes watering), rhinitis (sneezing, discharge), salivation, depression, anorexia, oral (calicivirus- see stomatitis & ulcers)

– FHV: think ocular signs (eyes) conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcers

– FCV this oral signs (mouth)- stomatitis and oral ulcer

Feline Panleukopenia most common in 

(Clinical or subclinical)

Kittens 3-5 months 

Feline Panleukopenia transmission

Fomites (very hard to kill), direct contact, Fecal-oral route

Capacitation

Change that allow the sperm to become fertile

If fertilization has not occurred within
approximately 12 hours

then the oocyte begins to degenerate.

If animal is not pregnant

Prostaglandin (PGF 2α) from uterus
causes CL regression and the cycle starts again

If pregnancy occurs

• Estrogen from placenta blocks prostaglandin production

• CL continues to produce progesterone

Pregnancies in cow and sow

-In cow and sow, CL present throughout pregnancy

Pregnancy in Ewe

CL needed for the first and second trimester