MA - Foundations of Reading

What is the difference between phonological awareness and phonemic awareness?

Phonological awareness is the umbrella term while phonemic awareness is a subset skill

What is easiest skill under phonological awareness?

Words

What is hardest skill under phonological awareness?

Phonemic Awareness

Why are words considered a apart of phonological awareness?

Because ELLs and children with low-language skills struggle with this, thus affecting the wholeness of phonological awareness

What is phonological awareness?

A broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language parts such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes.

What is phonemic awareness?

The ability to focus on and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words

What is Onset-Rime?

Onset is the initial consonant phoneme, while rime is the rest of the word containing the vowel

Which one is onset-rime?

c-at

What is Syllabication?

The division of words into syllables

What is print awareness?

When a child understands the nature and uses of print

What is print awareness closely related with?

Word awareness, or the ability to recognize words as distinct elements of oral and written communication

What is alphabetic principle?

This is when there is an understanding that the letters in words represent sounds

What is a phonogram?

The letter representing the vocal sound

What is a grapheme?

The written letter

What is a phoneme?

The smallest, distinct, sound unit

What is auditory discrimination?

The ability to tell the difference or similarities between individual sounds or words

Which one must be a written skill?

Phonics

What is phonics?

When one correlates phonemes with printed letters to create letter-sound correspondence

What is letter-sound correspondence?

Knowing that each letter is represented by a sound

What does letter-sound correspondence support?

Decoding and encoding

What are phonics patterns?

Word families with specific patterns

What is an example of phonics patterns?

Vowel teams and consonant digraphs

What is phonics generalization?

Phonics rules that are taught to emerge readers to help them learn letter combination sounds to increase reading and spelling ability

What is an example of a phonics generalization?

When y is the final letter in a word, it usually has a vowel sound

What is phonetic spelling?

Representing vocal sounds which express pronunciations of words using letters

What does it mean when vowel sounds are long?

The vowel sounds say their letter name

When does a vowel become long?

In vowel teams, silent e, and open syllables

What are the types of syllables?

Closed, open, vowel-consonant-e, vowel team, r-controlled, and consonant--le

What is a closed-syllable?

A syllable with a short vowel, spelled with a single vowel letter ending in one or more consonants

What is vowel-consonant-e?

A syllable with a long vowel, spelled with one vowel + one consonant + silent e

What is an open syllable?

A syllable that ends with a long vowel sound, spelled with a single vowel letter

What is a vowel team?

A syllable type in which two vowels create one sound

Diphthongs ow/ou and oi/oy are included in vowel teams

True

What is r-controlled?

A syllable with a vowel and r, and the r changes the vowel pronunciation to make /r/; also known as “Bossy R”

What is consonant-le?

An unaccented final syllable that contains a consonant- before /l/, followed by a silent e

What are simple syllables?

They have no consonant clusters

What is a complex syllable?

Any syllable containing a consonant cluster

What is a consonant cluster?

A sequence of two or three consonant phonemes

What is a consonant blend?

At least two consonants which retain their individual sounds

What are the stages of spelling?

Precommunicative, Semiphonetic, phonetic, transitional, correct

What is invented spelling?

An attempt by beginning writers to spell a word when the standard spelling is unknown.

What skills should be taught for precommunicative and semiphonetic spellers?

Alphabet knowledge, letter-sound correspondences, the concept of “words,” and left-to-right directionality

What skills should be taught to phonetic spellers?

The context of writing, word families, spelling patterns, word structures, and phonics

What are the signs a student is in the precommunicative stage of spelling?

They use symbols from the alphabet, but show no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences. Students may also lack knowledge of the entire alphabet, distinctions between lower and upper-case letters, as well as left-to-right structure

What are the signs a student is in the semiphonetic stage of spelling?

They begin to understand letter-sound correspondence, but may use single letters to represent words, sounds, and syllables

What are the signs a student is in the phonetic stage of spelling?

They use a letter or group of letters to represent every speech sound they hear. Some mistakes may be present, but the spelling is systematic and easily understood.

What are the signs a student is in the transitional stage of spelling?

They begin to shift away from relying on sound for representing sounds to relying on the visual representation and an understanding of the structure of words.

What are the signs a student is in the correct stage of spelling?

They know the English orthographic system and its basic rules, meaning they know how to deal with morphology, silent consonants, alternative and irregular spellings, etc.

A student spelling come as KOM. What spelling stage are they in?

Phonetic stage

A student spells you as U. What spelling stage are they in?

Semiphonetic stage

A student spells hiked as HIGHEKED. What spelling stage are they in?

Transitional Stage

How does a child show strong book handling skills?

They hold the book in their lap, point to pictures, and turn the pages carefully by the corner.

What is print directionality?

It is the way we read from left to right, top to bottom.

How can one build print directionality?

By reading with the child and pointing out how words and books work.

What are word boundaries?

It is knowing the beginning and the ending of the word. One must also know that there is a space represented between words for separation.

What is decoding?

Taking a printed word and turning it into sounds

What is encoding?

Taking sounds and turning it into printed words.

What is chunking?

A decoding strategy for breaking words into manageable parts.

How can one build decoding skills?

By chunking and segmenting

What is segmenting?

Separating the individual phonemes of a word into distinct units.

A student separates cat into /c/ /a/ /t/. What reading strategy did they use?

Segmenting

A student takes shouted and breaks it into (sh) (out) (ed). What reading strategy did they use?

Chunking

What is a compound word?

Two words that are joined together to create a new meaning

What is a multi-syllable word?

Words that have more than one syllable.

What are high-frequency sight words?

Words children must learn to memorize by sight, to they automatically recognize the word without needing to use decoding strategies.

What is reading with automaticity?

It is being able to read automatically without having to think too hard about it.

What is fluency?

The ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression.

Why is reading with fluency important?

It provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension.

What is reading with accuracy?

Reading the selection of words correctly.

What is reading rate?

The speed that a person reads.

What is prosody?

Reading with pitch, stress, and timing to create expression and meaning when reading aloud.

What are traits of a dysfluent reader?

Reading slowly, inaccurately, and with lack of prosody.

CVC words

Consonant Vowel Consonant

CVCC words

Consonant Vowel Consonant Consonant

CCVC words

Consonant Consonant Vowel Consonant

CVCe words

Consonant Vowel Consonant silent e

What is a digraph?

A combination of two letters representing one sound

What kind of combination is ph?

A digraph

What kind of combination is oi from ‘coin’?

Diphthong

What is a schwa?

The vowel sound sometimes heard in an unstressed syllable; sounded as ‘uh’ or the short ‘u’ like in cup.

What is a consonant blend?

Groups of two or three consonants in words that make a distinct consonant sound.

Gr, Wr, Sw, St, are examples of what?

Consonant blends

What is receptive vocabulary?

It refers to all of the words in a person’s language bank that they can comprehend and respond to

What is expressive language?

It is the ability to use vocabulary and put those words together to express yourself.

What is receptive language?

Understanding what is said to you.

What is explicit instruction?

When the teacher models and explains the content, provides guided practice, independent practice, and support.

What is implicit instruction?

When the students discover skills and concepts instead of being directly taught.

What skills do emerging readers demonstrate?

Alphabet knowledge, a concept of what a word is, a sense of story structure, phonemic awareness, and verbal expression

When is a child an emerging reader?

Before conventional reading and writing skills emerge

What skills do beginning readers have?

Some letter-sound correspondence, decoding/encoding, and increasingly accurate, smooth, and automatic reading

What is a transitional reader?

When readers are risk-taking while reading, such as predicting and confirming words while keeping the meaning in mind.

What is an evolving reader?

Readers that are learning about patterns and word features in multisyllabic words. Typically in grades 2 to 4.

What is a frustration reading level?

The level at which the readers at less than 90% accuracy; when the text is difficult for the reader

What is a reluctant reader?

Anyone who does not show an interest in reading and may need to be coaxed into reading.

What is choral reading?

When at least two individuals read aloud from the same text.

What activities can build fluency?

What is structural analysis?

The ability to gain information about the meaning, pronunciation, and part of speech of new words from the morphemes of the word

What is the base word?

A word that can have a prefix or suffix added to it, and thus changes the meaning of the word

What is a morpheme?

A meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided.