Development of Sex and Differences and Gender Roles TWO

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Midterm 3

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35 Terms

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masculine: instrumental

traits reflecting competence, rationality, and assertiveness

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feminine: expressive

traits emphasizing warmth, cari

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18 months

stereotypes begin around ___

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early childhood

stereotypes strengthen and become rigid through this time

  • demonstrates cognitive limitations

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middle child/adolescence

  • extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects

  • more flexible about behavior

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age 7, concrete operational

gender-stereotype flexibility increases from _____ during Piaget’s _____ stage

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gender-stereotype flexibility

  • idea that boys and girls can violate gender stereotypes

  • not always approving

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stereotype knowledge influences role adoption

  • study on 18 mo olds with 2 different types of toys

  • stereotype flexibility may be more important

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biological influence

  • evolutionary adaptiveness (ex: hunter-gatherer society)

  • cross-cultural similarities

  • hormones

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environmental influence

  • perceptions and expectations of adults

  • observational learning

  • peers, siblings

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sweden gender equality

  • “equal roles family model”

  • paid paternity leave

  • quality child care available

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results from sweden

  • young people view gender traits as learned and domains of expertise, rather than inborn traits or rights and duties

  • adults hold more favorable attitudes toward maternal employment

  • 90% of fathers take some form of parental leave

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androgens

what hormone:

  • result in higher levels of active play in animals

  • increases male-typical sexual behavior and aggression and suppress caregiving

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transmasculine

XX individuals exposed to high androgen prenatally are more likely to be _______

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early childhood

  • parents encourage gender-specific play and behavior

  • reinforce dependence in girls, independence in boys

  • language indirectly teaches roles

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middle childhood/adolescence

  • achievement more important

    • gender affects perceived competence

  • parents demand independence from boys

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  • mastery oriented help

  • autonomy granting

what are 2 things that parents encourage from boys in a sense of independence?

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active intervention

  • roleplay of intervening

  • most successful

  • gains in real-life situations

  • girls gain in gender-stereotype flexibility

  • serves as models

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children imitate

why do boys or girls with an older brother show more masculinity? why do boys or girls with an older sister show less masculinity?

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girls

which gender rated a job of less status when a woman was performing the job?

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1-5 yr

  • what age range?

  • gender stereotyped toy preferences

  • gender stereotyping of activities, occupations, and behaviors expands

  • gender segregation in play

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6-11 yr

  • what age range?

  • gender stereotyped knowledge expands

  • gender stereotyping more flexible

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12-18 yr

  • what age range?

  • gender role conformity may increase, then decrease

  • gender segregation less pronounced

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gender: binary

  • not supported

  • gender labeling, gender stability, and gender constancy are milestones achieved by 6 yr

  • static conceptualization of gender

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gender: continuum

  • research supports

  • gender identity development does not stop at 6 yr

  • gender fluidity and potential for change

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binary gender model

biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation all match

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gender continuum model

many configurations of sex, gender identity, expression, and sexual orientation

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transgender children

________ have equally consistent self-labeling as cisgender children

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siblings

transgender children and their _____ are less likely to perceive gender as fixed and immutable

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mental health & risk taking behaviors

  • middle childhood

  • linked to:

    • gender typicality

    • gender contentedness

    • pressure to conform to gender roles

    • transgender: gender affirming model is protective

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depression, girls, boys

____ is twice as likely in ____ than ____

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depression

what do these affect:

  • heredity

  • stressful life events

  • gender-typed coping styles

  • girls with androgenous/masculine gender identity show less rates

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aggression

  • boys are more likely to have more of

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androgens

what hormone affects aggression?

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aggression

what do these factors effect?

  • family

  • consequences

  • peers