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Midterm 3
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masculine: instrumental
traits reflecting competence, rationality, and assertiveness
feminine: expressive
traits emphasizing warmth, cari
18 months
stereotypes begin around ___
early childhood
stereotypes strengthen and become rigid through this time
demonstrates cognitive limitations
middle child/adolescence
extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects
more flexible about behavior
age 7, concrete operational
gender-stereotype flexibility increases from _____ during Piaget’s _____ stage
gender-stereotype flexibility
idea that boys and girls can violate gender stereotypes
not always approving
stereotype knowledge influences role adoption
study on 18 mo olds with 2 different types of toys
stereotype flexibility may be more important
biological influence
evolutionary adaptiveness (ex: hunter-gatherer society)
cross-cultural similarities
hormones
environmental influence
perceptions and expectations of adults
observational learning
peers, siblings
sweden gender equality
“equal roles family model”
paid paternity leave
quality child care available
results from sweden
young people view gender traits as learned and domains of expertise, rather than inborn traits or rights and duties
adults hold more favorable attitudes toward maternal employment
90% of fathers take some form of parental leave
androgens
what hormone:
result in higher levels of active play in animals
increases male-typical sexual behavior and aggression and suppress caregiving
transmasculine
XX individuals exposed to high androgen prenatally are more likely to be _______
early childhood
parents encourage gender-specific play and behavior
reinforce dependence in girls, independence in boys
language indirectly teaches roles
middle childhood/adolescence
achievement more important
gender affects perceived competence
parents demand independence from boys
mastery oriented help
autonomy granting
what are 2 things that parents encourage from boys in a sense of independence?
active intervention
roleplay of intervening
most successful
gains in real-life situations
girls gain in gender-stereotype flexibility
serves as models
children imitate
why do boys or girls with an older brother show more masculinity? why do boys or girls with an older sister show less masculinity?
girls
which gender rated a job of less status when a woman was performing the job?
1-5 yr
what age range?
gender stereotyped toy preferences
gender stereotyping of activities, occupations, and behaviors expands
gender segregation in play
6-11 yr
what age range?
gender stereotyped knowledge expands
gender stereotyping more flexible
12-18 yr
what age range?
gender role conformity may increase, then decrease
gender segregation less pronounced
gender: binary
not supported
gender labeling, gender stability, and gender constancy are milestones achieved by 6 yr
static conceptualization of gender
gender: continuum
research supports
gender identity development does not stop at 6 yr
gender fluidity and potential for change
binary gender model
biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation all match
gender continuum model
many configurations of sex, gender identity, expression, and sexual orientation
transgender children
________ have equally consistent self-labeling as cisgender children
siblings
transgender children and their _____ are less likely to perceive gender as fixed and immutable
mental health & risk taking behaviors
middle childhood
linked to:
gender typicality
gender contentedness
pressure to conform to gender roles
transgender: gender affirming model is protective
depression, girls, boys
____ is twice as likely in ____ than ____
depression
what do these affect:
heredity
stressful life events
gender-typed coping styles
girls with androgenous/masculine gender identity show less rates
aggression
boys are more likely to have more of
androgens
what hormone affects aggression?
aggression
what do these factors effect?
family
consequences
peers