Development of Sex and Differences and Gender Roles TWO

Midterm 3

masculine: instrumental

traits reflecting competence, rationality, and assertiveness

feminine: expressive

traits emphasizing warmth, cari

18 months

stereotypes begin around ___

early childhood

stereotypes strengthen and become rigid through this time

• demonstrates cognitive limitations

middle child/adolescence

• extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects

• more flexible about behavior

age 7, concrete operational

gender-stereotype flexibility increases from _____ during Piaget’s _____ stage

gender-stereotype flexibility

• idea that boys and girls can violate gender stereotypes

• not always approving

stereotype knowledge influences role adoption

• study on 18 mo olds with 2 different types of toys

• stereotype flexibility may be more important

biological influence

• evolutionary adaptiveness (ex: hunter-gatherer society)

• cross-cultural similarities

• hormones

environmental influence

• perceptions and expectations of adults

• observational learning

• peers, siblings

sweden gender equality

• “equal roles family model”

• paid paternity leave

• quality child care available

results from sweden

• young people view gender traits as learned and domains of expertise, rather than inborn traits or rights and duties

• adults hold more favorable attitudes toward maternal employment

• 90% of fathers take some form of parental leave

androgens

what hormone:

• result in higher levels of active play in animals

• increases male-typical sexual behavior and aggression and suppress caregiving

transmasculine

XX individuals exposed to high androgen prenatally are more likely to be _______

early childhood

• parents encourage gender-specific play and behavior

• reinforce dependence in girls, independence in boys

• language indirectly teaches roles

middle childhood/adolescence

• achievement more important

  • gender affects perceived competence

• parents demand independence from boys

• mastery oriented help

• autonomy granting

what are 2 things that parents encourage from boys in a sense of independence?

active intervention

• roleplay of intervening

• most successful

• gains in real-life situations

• girls gain in gender-stereotype flexibility

• serves as models

children imitate

why do boys or girls with an older brother show more masculinity? why do boys or girls with an older sister show less masculinity?

girls

which gender rated a job of less status when a woman was performing the job?

1-5 yr

• what age range?

• gender stereotyped toy preferences

• gender stereotyping of activities, occupations, and behaviors expands

• gender segregation in play

6-11 yr

• what age range?

• gender stereotyped knowledge expands

• gender stereotyping more flexible

12-18 yr

• what age range?

• gender role conformity may increase, then decrease

• gender segregation less pronounced

gender: binary

• not supported

• gender labeling, gender stability, and gender constancy are milestones achieved by 6 yr

• static conceptualization of gender

gender: continuum

• research supports

• gender identity development does not stop at 6 yr

• gender fluidity and potential for change

binary gender model

biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation all match

gender continuum model

many configurations of sex, gender identity, expression, and sexual orientation

transgender children

________ have equally consistent self-labeling as cisgender children

siblings

transgender children and their _____ are less likely to perceive gender as fixed and immutable

mental health & risk taking behaviors

• middle childhood

• linked to:

  • gender typicality

  • gender contentedness

  • pressure to conform to gender roles

  • transgender: gender affirming model is protective

depression, girls, boys

____ is twice as likely in ____ than ____

depression

what do these affect:

• heredity

• stressful life events

• gender-typed coping styles

• girls with androgenous/masculine gender identity show less rates

aggression

• boys are more likely to have more of

androgens

what hormone affects aggression?

aggression

what do these factors effect?

• family

• consequences

• peers