South Africa EKA Topics

National party

Party of afrikaners who created apartheid

DF Malan

the first prime minister under apartheid

Petty apartheid

apartheid that separated people in everyday life

Prohibition of marriages act-no interracial marriages

Immorality act

Grand apartheid

apartheid policies that forced different races to live in different areas

Townships

designated ghetto-like areas of cities where non-whites were forced to reside

Banthustans/Homelands

Reserves on which Africans were required to live if they didn’t have a work permit

ANC

primary political party fighting against apartheid, eventually first non-national party winner of elections

Albert Luthuli

President of the ANC until the late 60s, a moderate who made it hard for the ANC to be painted as extreme

Banning

limits on people’s ability to give speeches, gather in public, etc. A way to censor people without them having committed any crime.

ANC Youth League

A more confrontational branch of the ANC that pushed for more protests, coordinated resistance. Led by Mandela, eventually directed the rest of the ANC’s actions

Nelson Mandela

Anti-apartheid activist, first president of South Africa after the end of apartheid. He was a founder of the ANC youth league and created the defiance campaign

South African Communist Party (SACP)

Communists, thought capitalism had created apartheid and had strong relations with labor unions and the ANC

Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

Broke away from the ANC because they thought the party was collaborating too much with non-Africans. Had strong relations with other independent African nations

Robert Sobukwe

Founder of PAC

May Stayaway

A 1950 protest where people (66% of Africans) didn’t go to work. Led to the suppression of communism act where the govt called anything it didn’t like communism and ordered a lot of bannings.

Separate representation of voters act

A 1951 law denying coloureds the right to vote, protested by the black sash and torch commandos, two groups of mainly white liberals

Defiance Campaign

A campaign by the ANC youth league that organized mass (non-violent) strikes and protests in an attempt to overwhelm prisons. Wasn't super successful but was a good way for the ANC to get experience organizing

Bantu education act

govt changed curriculum for non-white schools to make it worse, produce laborers. in response the ANC asked kids to protest by not going to school, most non-white kids stopped going.

Freedom charter

A manifesto adopted by anti-apartheid groups stating the goals of the movement. Everyone who signed was arrested in the treason trial, led to much anti-apartheid leadership being put in jail and having to operate more secretly.

Sophiatown

a township that was occupied by different races and cleared out by Apartheid govt. residents protested but the army responded and forced them to back down.

Sharpeville Massacre

anti-apartheid groups organized pass protests, one protest marched to the police station and tried to get arrested. Police fired on the crowd leading to 70ish deaths. Was a turning point in international perception of South Africa becoming more negative and the apartheid govt banned the ANC and PAC

made anti-apartheid movement reconsider if non-violence was actually working, led to adopting limited violence

MK

armed wing of the ANC, carried out sabotage on government buildings and resisted violently.

POQO

armed wing of PAC, largest armed organization in the 60s. Shut down after massive govt raid

Liliesleaf raid

a raid on an MK base that captured Leaders. those captured were put on trial in the rivonia trial, where they were sentenced to prison. this is how Nelson Mandela was put into prison.

Steve Biko

Anti-apartheid leader who created the idea of Black consciousness, that non-whites had to de-colonialize their perceptions of the world in order to be free, and organized non-violent strikes in the 70s. killed in detention by police after Soweto uprising

South African Students Organization (SASO)

Led by Steve Biko, an organization of non-white college students asking for an end to apartheid.

Soweto Uprising

10-20k students in Johannesburg protest govt imposing Afrikaans in schools, police responded with violence killing hundreds and gaining international attention.

PW Botha

National party president from 1973-89 who gave more power to the military, banned any and all apartheid groups, and generally facilitated a crackdown on rights and protest.

tricameral

the type of legislature created by Botha to try and appease protesters, houses for each racial group, sparked large protest because it wasn’t actually a fair system that would give non-whites any say

United Democratic Front (UDF)

coalition of 400+ anti apartheid organizations that created protests, goals alligned with freedom charter.

Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)

alliance of trade unions whose goals aligned with freedom charter

state of emergency

declared in 1985 after police killed people at a funeral and violence erupted in response. The country got super violent, the police cracked down even harder, torture was common

FW de Klerk

president from 1989 to the end of apartheid, started unbanning anti-apartheid organizations and compromised to end apartheid to end the violence breaking out in the country.

civil cooperation bureau

Task forces to get rid of all anti-apartheid people, killed, tortured, and even went into other countries to kill anti-apartheid leaders there.

Mass Democratic Movement

COSATU and UDF linked up to coordinate action against the govt in 1989

Conservative party

right wing party formed in late 80s, wanted the NP to stop allowing change fearing it would lead to African oppression of Afrikaners

AWB

south African nazi knock-offs from the late 80’s who tried to physically confine non-whites to their tribal lands

Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA)

convention where apartheid govt and anti-apartheid groups came together to negotiate the end of apartheid.

Sunset Clause

both groups were scared that the other was going to try and oppress/steal away power once elections started and this stalled negotiations. To fix this joe slovo came up with this policy, where parties with over 5% of the vote would all get some say in govt for the first 5 years and a government of national unity would be created

nationalized

the government ________ education in order to combat low literacy and education levels. They also started providing meals in schools to incentivize attendance

Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP)

Growth, Employment and redistribution program (GEAR)

land redistribution

labor relations act

Post-apartheid policy creating a mediation council to resolve strikes

employment equity act

post-apartheid policy pressuring businesses to hire marginalized groups

treatment action campaign

group that challenged lack of HIV/ AIDS response in court, won, and got the South African govt to provide HIV/AIDS care.

Truth and reconciliation comission

an investigation in 1995 led by Desmond Tutu about the harms, victims, perpetrators of violence during apartheid that gave people the chance to come forward and potentially gain amnesty for their crimes. united country, helped healing from past violence

Inkatha Freedom Party

a Zulu nationalist group that the NP supplied weapons to in order to divide black population against itself. this group went on to carry out the boipatong massacre with NP help.