HIST 170 EXAM REVIEW 2

The American Revolution and its Leadup

Indian Nation

Land to the West of the Appalachian Mountains that was granted to the Indians and forbade any American entrance in order to defuse to Pontiac Wars

Redcoats

British Soldiers stationed in America

They were disliked because they were from Britain and often took secondary jobs which took away the opportunities of the American Man

Pontiac Wars

Indians unified under the Indian leader Pontiac and organized a force against Britian.

Took over 8 out of 11 established British forts.

The Indians would horribly mutilate, and torture captured redcoats as a show of force

Proclamation of 1763

Proclaimed the land to the west of the 13 colonies as an Indian Nation in order to defuse the Pontiac Wars.

Forbade any American to enter and any American already in the borders from leaving

The French and Indian War

Britain fought against the French and soon after the Indians, they were in some serious debt and began taxations

Stamp Acts

The taxation of common paper goods like Newspapers, Diplomas, Wills, and Magazines

Application was halted due to the resignation of all the stamp distributors due to the Sons of Liberty

Later repealed

The Loyal Nine

9 tradesmen who secretly met in Boston, Massachusetts,

Created the Sons of Liberty

Samuel Adams

One of the Loyal Nine

Cousin of John Adams

The Sons of Liberty

An organization created by the Loyal 9

They robbed and dissasembled Governor Thomas Hutchman’s mansion and burned his stables

They threatened Stamp distributors with Tarring and Feathering in order to prevent the Stamp Acts from taking effect

Targeted shops that sold Britain’s products in support of American made products

The Townsmen Acts

A series of taxations on common goods like paper, paint, glass, lead, and tea

the collected taxes were used to pay the wages of redcoats, judges, and tax collectors

Repealed taxes with the exception of the tax on tea

“Buy American”

A phrase popular with Americans in support of using products made in American over products made or shipped from Britain.

During a boycott on all Britain goods planned out by top merchants

The Boston Massacre

9 Redcoats who were guarding a Tax Collections Office fired upon a mass of a few hundred people when they started throwing various objects and hitting them with sticks

5 dead and 6 wounded

7 of the 9 redcoats are aqcuited

John Adams

A lawyer during the Boston Massacre who helped acquit 7 out of 9 redcoats

Later became the 2nd president of America

The Tea Act of 1773

Britain allows for production of tea in India to be sold directly to the colonies in 1773

Granted a monopoly to the British East India Company which made all other tea shop owners bankrupt due to being unable to compete with the cheaper prices

Battle of Camden

The battle in the town of Camden where the British won

The Two generals were General Huratio Gates, and General Charles Cornwallas

General Huratio Gates

US general

Fled the battle of Camden after the militia forces fled

General Charles Cornwallas

British general

Captured 200 wagons of food in the battle of Camden

Major Patrick Ferguson

British Major who threatened and tried to convert the Overmountain men to the British Side

Overmountain Men

People who crossed the Appalachian Mountains

Organized a militia against British Forces led by Major Patrick Ferguson

The Battle of Kings Mountain 1780

Battle between the British and the Overmountain Men

The Overmountain Men were victorious which convinced more people to become patriots

Economic Collapse of 1783

Economic event after gaining Independence due to inflation and large loans during the Revolutionary War

Governor James Bowdon

Governor of Massachusetts during the Economic Collapse of 1783

Set high taxes and hired a personal militia against the Shaysites

Captain Daniel Shays

A Revolutionary War Veteran and leader of the Shaysites

Led the Shays Rebellion against the government of Massachussets

Shays Rebellion

A rebellion against the Massachusetts government

surrounded court houses and prevented judges from doing their job

Ended after failing to take over a federal armory

Constitutional Convention

A secret convention in Philadelphia to discuss the creation of the Constitution of the US

Post Revolutionary War

Bicameral Legislature

A form of Government legislature by James Madison

Government would be based on 2 chambers which would be assigned depending on population of each state

Unicameral Legislature

Government Legislature based on 1 chamber with equal representation for all states

Connecticut Compromise/Great Compromise

A compromise between Bi and Unicameral Legislatures

decided on bicameral with 1st chamber based on population and 2nd chamber having equal representation

3/5 Clause

Slaves will count as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of taxations and representative.

Benefitted the southerners

Federalists

People who wanted the constitution ratified/approved

Generally wealthy and powerful

Federalists Paper

A book of 85 essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in favor of the constitution

Anitfederalists

People who didn’t want the constitution ratified/approved

Generally laborers and small store owners

Antifederalist arguments

3 problems in the constitution pointed out by antifederalists

Presidential veto, abuse of taxations, and reinterpretations of the constitutions by the Supreme Court

Article 1 Section 8

the article and section of the constitution that allows the house of representative to create new taxes for general welfare

Bill of Rights

10 amendments to the constitution written by James Madison

George Washington

The first president of the US

Every elector chose him

Electors

People elected by their state who had the power to choose the president

Ballot

A piece of paper filled out by the electors that held the names of two people that could be president and vice president

Farewell Address

A speech by George Washington, we should have no political parties, and we should be neutral with other nations

Contested Election

An election between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, threw insults at each others

John Adams became president and Thomas Jefferson became vice president

John Marshall

US diplomatic representative who talked with the French Foreign Minister in order to avoid a war

Talleyrand

France’s foreign minister

XYZ Affair

Three men sent by Talleyrand to obtain a $250,000 bribe and a $10 million low interest loan

Diplomatic Correspondence

A confidential record written by diplomats

Alien Act

Federalist law that changed the residency time of US citizens from 5 years to 14 years
“Aliens” can be kicked out without a legal trial
Wanted to get rid of people who wouldn’t vote for John Adams

Sedition Act

Federalist law that gave 5 years in prison and $5,000 fine if you “write, print, utter, or publish, any false, scandalous, or malicious writing against the government.”
Most newspapers were democratic republicans and most judges were federalists

Kentucky Resolutions

Thomas Jefferson anonymously states the sedition act violates the 1st amendment, and that if the state government is unconstitutional then the state can nullify that law

Virginia Resolutions

James Madison anonymously states the sedition act violates the 1st amendment

Election insults to John Adams

Intent to marry son into British Royal family

He is a Hermaphrodite

Election insults to Thomas Jefferson

Will make harsh crimes legal because he is an atheist

Will allow public executions

Aaron Burr

Veteran and business partner of Alexander Hamilton, become Attorney General of New York State, competed against Thomas Jefferson for president

Revolution of 1800

an idea of peaceful transition from loser to winner and no revenge taken

12 amendment

amendment that allowed for two separate ballots for president and vice president

The Louisiana Purchase Treaty

A treaty signed by Diplomats of Thomas Jefferson and Napolean for the sale of Louisiana to the U.S. for $15 million. The diplomats signed the treaty without permission from Thomas Jefferson

Doubled the size of the country at time

Implied Powers

powers to the government not explicitly stated in the constitution

The Corps of Discovery

A special branch of the U.S. Army led by Merryweather Luis and Captain William Clark created by Thomas Jefferson meant to explore the far west

Establishment of friendly relations with Natives

Discovers 178 new plants, new animals,

“Does the Missouri river join the Columbia River” in order to find trade routes

Luis and Clark

The two leaders of the Corps of Discovery appointed by Thomas Jefferson

Sacagawea

An Indian woman who lived as a slave and later married a French man

Later joined the Corps of Discovery as translators due to their knowledge of multiple languages

Bitterroot Mountains

A chain of tall and cold mountains in the far west explored by the Corps of Discovery

nex perce (neigh persay)

A French name for a group of Indians past the Bitterroot Mountains

“Pierced Nose” in English

Gifted the Corps of Discovery 5 canoes to explore rivers nearby

Tecumseh

Indian leader of the Shawnee Tribe who helped the British fight against the Colonies during the Revolutionary War

Created new rule that Indian groups cannot sell land to white men without gaining permission from all Indians

The Prophet

The younger brother of Tecumseh

An alcoholic and troublemaker who “died” and woke up during his funeral and became a new man

Prophesized that all Indians must give up all things given/brought by white men

Tippecanoe River

The river Prophet’s Town was founded

Prophet’s Town

A town capitol of the Indians led by Tecumseh and the Prophet

William Henry Harrison

Governor of Indiana in conflict with the native Indians led by Tecumseh and the prophet

Forced several Indian Chiefs to sign treaties to take their land

Treaty of Fort Wayne

A forced treaty between Indian Chiefs and William Henry Harrison that allowed Harrison to buy their land for cheap

4700 square miles of land

Vincennes Indiana

capitol and base of William Henry Harrison, location and meeting place between Harrison and Indian leader Tecumseh

The Battle of Tippacanoe

A battle at Prophet’s Town at night when the Indian Forces attempted to attack U.S. garrison while they slept

The U.S. were suspecting an attack at night so they were prepared and came out victorious, burning down the town and its supplies

Statehood Bill

A bill passed through the house of representatives and the senate that allowed a state to enter the U.S.

James Tallmadge

Representative of New York State, proposed two changes to the statehood bill called the Tallmadge amendments.

Tallmadge Amendments

Two amendments made to the statehood bill

1. after statehood, no new slaves will be allowed into Missouri

2. After statehood, any slaves born in Missouri will be free at the age of 25

Gradual Emancipation

A gradual process of freeing slaves, an example is the Tallmadge amendments to the statehood bill

Recess

A break or vacation of a government body such as congress

Henry Clay

A Speaker of the house of representatives from Kentucky, negotiated the Missouri compromise

The Missouri Compromise

Signed by President James Monrow

Missouri will enter the USA as a slave state with no restrictions but no new slave states south of Missouri will be allowed in

In exchange, Maine will be allowed in the USA as a slave free state

The War of 1812

Due to the offence British impressments of U.S. Citizens and seizing of ships, war was declared against Britain.

The U.S. hoped to gain Canada which was owned by Britian

Invasion into Canada failed and the U.S. lost Fort Detroit and surrounding land to the British and native Indians

U.S. counterattacks following their victory in the battle of Lake Erie and recaptures fort Detroit

British Forces captures Washington DC and attacks Baltimore

Treaty is signed and relationship is reverted to prior the war of 1812

Indians lose their major backing sponsor and federalists looked patriotic

Impressment

The forcing of people to join the British Army/Forces, especially targeting people who were initially born in Britain.

William Hull

Stationed in Fort Detroit along the border of Canada and led an invasion into Canada with his militia

Chased and followed out of Canada and surrounded at Fort Detroit

The Battle of Lake Erie

A naval battle between 6 Britain ship and 9 US ships

Pivotal point of the War of 1812

U.S. came out victorious, sunk all 6 ships, lost one ship, and took 300 prisoners

The U.S launched a counterattack into Michigan to recapture Fort Detroit

Commadore Oliver Harry

General/Commadore of the U.S. naval forces in the battle of Lake Erie against British Naval forces

“We have met the enemy and they are ours”

Battle of the Thames

U.S. against the British Redcoats and Indians

Tecumseh’s death occurred in this battle

General Robert Ross

A British general who had fought against Napolean and was ordered to attack Washington DC with redcoat forces

Successfully captures Washington DC, burning the capitol building and libraries, and looted the area

Died in attempt to capture Baltimore and Fort McHenry by a U.S. Snipe

Doctor Francis Scott Key

U.S. doctor on a British naval ship during the bombarding on Fort McHenry

Created the national anthem after witnessing a standing American Flag that persisted the British Navy’s assault on fort McHenry