Apol Obj. Test

600-500 bc (time period)

Presocratic times

Thales

All is water (nature)

Pythagoras

All is math (Grace)

Protagoras

Man is the measure of all things; Homo mensura

500bc-500ad (time period)

Classical Times

Socrates

Disagreed with Sophists (No such thing as truth); believed in real truth and real virtue; Taught Plato

* Socratic Method

Plato

Truth IN all of us; Everything is ideal; Taught Aristotle

* (Pointed up; Intangible ideas)
* Allegory of the Cave

Aristotle & Alexander the Great

Logic and natural world was more important; 4 elements: (Fire, Earth, Wind, Water, Quintessence)

* (Pointed down; Tangible things)
* 3 Laws of Logic: Identity, Law of non-Contradiction, Excluded Middle
* 2 Senses: Direct and Indirect

3 Laws of Logic (Aristotle)

1. Identity (It is what it is A=A)
2. Law of non-Contradiction (A ≠ non-A; Its not what its not)
3. Excluded Middle (A or Non-A; It is what it isnt)

Ptolemy (100 AD)

Geocentric (Earth middle of universe)

Aquinas (1275)

Reason and faith CANNOT contradict; Physical things too not ALL just Spiritual

* “Reason is the vestibule of Faith”

500 ad - 1300 ad

Middle Ages

1300 ad - 1500 ad

Renaissance

Van Eyck

Painted REAL nature (rebirth of Classical spiritual themes but painted them realistically)

* The 3 Marys of the Tomb & Adoration of the Lamb
* (Influenced by Aquinas!)

Raphael

School of Athens (Plato up (spiritual); Aristotle down (physical)

* (Aristotle is also holding a book to represent logic)

Donatello

Shallow Relief (very realistic); Faith and nature TOGETHER!

* John the Evangelist (Sculpted John and himself; saying how both are real people and exist)
* Sculptor

Michelangelo

Creation of Adam (Finger of God); Sculpture of David

* Sistine Chapel Ceiling!

Leonardo

Mona Lisa (1517)

* Universities (Unification in diversity)

1500s

Age of Discovery and Reformation; Modern Times!

Martin Luther & John Calvin

5 Solas


1. Scriptora: Scripture alone
2. Gratia: Grace alone
3. Fide: Faith alone
4. Christus: Truth alone (1 Truth)
5. De Gloria: God alone (God only knows the glory)

* John Calvin: Unity of Grace and Nature

1533 The Ambassadors (Skull one)

Hans Holbien; Science and Religion together

1543 Don’t Touch Me

Hans Holbien; Jesus telling Mary not to touch

1645 The Holy Family

Rembrant; Angel floating over woman; Religion and Nature seen as real and together

1547 Elder’s Altarpiece

Cranach the Elder; People eating together and conversing

1550 Wedding Feast

Peter Brugel; Normal feast, people eating and carrying pie, etc

1640 Belshazzar’s Feast

Rembrant; God touches Man in the painting; God is shown to be red w/ mon

2 ways of knowing truth

1. Direct (5 Senses)
2. Indirect (Logically infer from 5 Senses)

1600s (time period)

Enlightenment

Copernicus

Heliocentric (Sun is the center of the universe)

Francis Bacon

Father of Science; Scientific Method (there must be a way to KNOW truth)

Galileo

Used the telescope to observe that Venus had phases; Disproved Geocentric theory (Ptolmey!)

* Earth goes AROUND the Sun
* God AND Science

Kepler

Christian; Planetary motion

* Convinced God existed through geometry; Mind of God is Geometry

John Locke

Empircism (All knowledge from experience)

* Govt got ideas from God
* Physical= Nonphysical
* ‘We have sin nature so we can’t be truth
* Puritan; English
* Faith/Reason (Separate)

Rene Descartes

Skeptic; “I think there I am” (Should be: I am therefore I think)

* Based on own mind; belief in logic ONLY→ Rationalism
* French

Baruch Spinoza

Matter=mind, Grace=nature, Natural world IS God

* Pantheist!!
* Jew…got kicked out
* Dutch
* Benedict

1700s (time period)

Age of Reason

Immanuel Kant

‘I Kant know everything about reality’; Ultimate reality CANNOT be known

* Optimistic Humanism (Believe whatever to bring urself joy)
* Ex: Infinity

David Hume

Radical Skepticism; b/c there’s no direct perception, we cannot know EXACTLY

* Scottish
* ‘Cause and Effect’ may NOT be true

Voltaire

Deist (God on Vacation); Volcano book: Where is God? Why is there evil?

Thomas Jefferson

Religious Skepticism (Seen as a Deist); Cut out miracles in the Bible

Road Runner Tactic

See if the arguments contradict themselves

* Ex: “There is no truth!” “Is that true?”

1800s (time period)

Age of Revolution

Charles Darwin

Origin of Species and the Preservation of the Favored Races; Descent of Man (evol theory)

* Negative Humanism

Karl Marx

Optimistic Humanism; Communist Manifesto & Das Kapital (Dedicated to DARWIN)

* Strip families apart, have parents not care for kids, sex out of marriage, etc

Fredrich Nietzche

Father of Secular Existentialism & Post Modernism; “God is dead”

* No purpose for sanity.. reasonable to be insane
* Parable of the Madman
* Suffered mental collaspe

Existentialism

Man is his own agent with nothing in his way; Man IS the supreme authority Homo Mensura (Man is the measure of all things…Protagorus)

Fudor Dostoveski

“If God is dead, anything is permissible”

* The Brothers Karamozo

Edward Munch

“The Scream” (Skirk)

* Modern man; God is dead so he is filled w/ angst b/c there is no hope/purpose

Claude Monet and Vincent Van Gough

Impressionism art

Gustave Courbet (1800s Age of Revolution)

Stone Breakers; Funeral at Ornans “Show me an angel”

* Expression of human misery

mid 1800s art style

Realism

Soren Keirkagaard

Existentialism!!

* Danish
* “God is Wholly Other”; Irrational leap of faith
* Bible is a record of experiences

1900s (time period)

Age of Destruction; Post Modernism

1933 Humanist Manifesto

Raymond Bragg


1. No Creator
2. No creation
* John Dewey: Father of Public Education signed this agreeing

Sigmund Freud

Humans ARE animals

1940s WW2 Nazi Holocaust & ETC

Hitler kills 12 mil. Jews

* Man kills God, Man kills man
* Mein Kampf (My struggle or my battle) dedicated to Charles Darwin

Mao (30 mil); Stalin (50 mil)

Andy Worhol & Jackson Pollack

Soupcans; Throws paint at canvas

Albert Camus & Satre

The Stranger; Plague; Fall

* Absurd: Pointless guest for meaning
* Didn’t care at all for God

The Stranger

* Meursault: Main character
* Maman (Mommy) funeral
* 4 times he shot the gun at the Arab man

1973 Humanist Manifesto 2 & Abortion

Wilson & Kurtz; Too Optimistic

* 40 yrs past since 1st 1
* Nazism

Abortion in the US (Roe v Wade)

TALE

T= Teach

A= Art

L= Language

E= Entertainment

Philosophy

Circle of reality

Marcel Duchamp

1916 Dada (Anti-beauty; Anti-art)

* The Fountain
* Mona Lisa Mustache (L.H.O.O.Q)

Lynne Taetszch

Non-Representational Art

* “Culmination”
* A ‘fake meaning’
* No author; no viewers
* Dadaism