Aerobic and GSR/Polygraph PHIZ Lab Quiz 6

How is energy converted during exersice?

“Raw” chemical energy (food) > chemical energy (ATP) > mechanical energy (muscle contraction)

What are the 3 different ways that ATP can be created?

• Creatine-phosphate (“buffering”)

• Glycolisis

• Oxidative Phosphorylation (Ox-Phos)

What is Creatine-Phosphate or “buffering”

• Cr is made in kidneys and liver

• Cr is delivered to muscles and brain and phospharlysed in to Cr-Pi by the enzyme (creatine kinase)

• only produces ATP for a short time

What is glycolysis?

• series of enzymatic reactions that converted glucose into 1 Pyruvate, 1 Lactic Acid (Lactate), and 2 ATP

• Does NOT need oxygen

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

• pyruvate that is produced from glycolysis is used in the TCA cycle to generate NADH. During this process, CO2 is also produced.

• NADH is fuel of oxidative phosphorylation

• mithochondria

• uses O2 to produce ATP and water

How many molecules of ATP can be created from 1 molecule of glucose during oxidative phosphrylation?

32

How does the cardiovascular system adapt to exersice?

1. Heart rate initially increases, then stabilizes

2. Ventricular relaxation is shortened whereas contraction stays the same

3. More blood is shunted to areas with greater demand

Vo2 Max: Maximal Oxygen Utilization

• Gold Standard for determining aerobic fitness

• Can be enhanced by reducing bodyweight or increasing hemoglobin (blood doping)

• diff that lactate/anaerobic threshold

How is blood a Heat Transporter?

• Skeletal muscles produce heat after mechanical movement

• Blood is moved to surface to cool down

• Sweat also cools body down

What type of functions are modulated by the Parasympathetic system?

• Background functions

  • digestion

  • breathing

  • saliva flow

What type of functions are modulated by the Sympathetic system?

• reactive action (stress)

• “flee” or “fight”

  • increased heartbeat

  • dilated pupils

  • adrenaline release

  • sweating

Galvanic Skin Response

the combined changes in the resistance and potential in the skin related to the emotional state of the subject.

How is Skin Resistance obtained?

• through applying a weak current between 2 electrodes placed about an inch apart

• varies with emotional state

How is Skin Potential obtained?

• voltage measured between the electrodes when they are connected to a voltage amplifier (without any external current being applied)

• varies with emotional state

Ohm’s Law

I(amps)=V(volts)/R(Ohms)

Voltage

• diff in electrical pressure between 2 ends of an electrical circuit

• unit is Volts

  • electrical energy per unit of c

Current

• flow of charges

• unit for current is amperers, or amps which charge per unit of time

Resistance

Opposition to change movement which is Volts per unit of Amp

What is the physiological basis of the galavanic skin response?

• In response to a change in the emotional state, the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses is altered.

• Changes in peripheral autonomic tone alter sweating and cutaneous blood flow, which, in turn, modulates GSR.

What does the increase in sweat do?

lowers the electrical resistance of the skin because it contains electrolytes and water.

Polygraph

• the detection and recording of the galvanic skin response can be combined with the detection of HR, respitory rate, and bp

• this is the device that records all of them

Rational behind the Polygraph

1. The ANS control of heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and sweating cannot be consciously altered

2. Changes in emotion associated with intentional falsification of answers (lying) alters autonomic output causing recognizable changes that can be measured – “lie detector”

3. Compared to control answers (to questions a subject would not lie about)