Water A 1.1

In water, Covalent bonds are between _______

In water, Covalent bonds are between _______

Oxygen and two hydrogens

The shape of the water molecule is _____

Bent

The oxygen atom in water is

Negatively charged

The hydrogen atoms in water are

Positively charged

Cohesion

Attraction between water molecules

Surface tension

The ability of water to resist external forces (due to waters strong adhesive and cohesive properties)

Adhesion

The attraction of water molecules to other polar/charged surfaces (contributes to capillary action)

Capillary action

When water is drawn through a small space (usually against gravity)

Examples: when water is drawn through a glass tube, up the xylem

Water is known as a universal solvent due to its ____

Polar nature (forms “shells” around both charged and polar molecules — prevents them from clumping up)

Hydrophilic

All substances that dissolve in water or are attracted to water (aka adhere but don’t dissolve)

Hydrophobic

Insoluble in water (non-polar and uncharged)

What is water used for in metabolism

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

What is metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in n organism

Cytoplasm connection to water

Water has stable temperature which maintains enzymes and allows reactions to move and come together at the active site

Transport

Substances can be transported through aqueous solutions

Buoyancy

When object immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts upward force. If the density of the object is lower than the density of the liquid, the object floats.

Viscosity

The “stickiness” of a fluid which determines how easily it flows. Water has a high viscosity due to hydrogen bonds causing internal friction

Thermal conductivity

The rate at which heat passes through a material. Water has high thermal conductivity — meaning it cools and warms slowly (in part due to its specific heat capacity)

Specific heat capacity

The heat required to raise the temp of 1 g of a material by 1 degree Celsius. Water has a relatively high specific heat capacity because hydrogen bonds restrict molecular motion (to raise temp, H bonds must be broken)

Plants vascular tissue

Xylem: only allows upward movement

Transpiration stream: column of water in xylem from roots to leaves

Pusa Hispida (ringed seal) — Buoyancy

Fat reserves underneath skin increase buoyancy

Pusa hispida (ringed seal) — Viscosity

Streamlined body (hydrodynamic)

Propels forward with wide flippers

Pusa hispida (ringed seal) — Thermal Conductivity

Large stores if blubber (acts as an insulator)

Pusa hispida (ringed seal) — Specific heat capacity

Young who don’t yet have blubber are raised in insulated ice lairs where air can be easily warmed

Gavia artica (arctic loon) — Buoyancy

Has large wings to generate lift

Has ability to compress air to decrease buoyancy

Gavia artica (arctic loon) — viscosity

Plumage adapted to hold and deflect air (aero and hydrophobic)

Webbed feet to propel

Gavia artica (arctic loon) — Thermal conductivity

Air is trapped in feathers (insulator)

Have oil glands to break runs in their feathers

Gavia artica (arctic loon) — Specific heat capacity

Water remains relatively warm in cold temperatures. They therefore spend a lot if time in water to stay warm