AFR 227 Midterm Review

Community

Collective of people with like-minded ideas working together towards a common goal, sharing similar responsibilities and lifestyles that bring them together

Community Justice

A people-centered approach that tackles the root causes of crime by engaging residents and local organizations alongside justice agencies

Alternative community justice

All variants of crime prevention and justice activities that explicitly include the community in their processes and set the enhancement of community quality of life as an explicit goal. Rooted in the actions that citizens, community organizations, and the criminal justice system can take to control crime and social disorder.

Black Panther Party

Founded in Oakland California in 1966 by leaders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. A revolutionary and militant organization dedicated to armed self-defense against police brutality and socialist community empowerment. Created the 10-Point Program to define the party’s ideological goals similar to the Movement for Black Lives

10-Point Program

1. Freedom

2. Full Employment

3. End to Capitalism

4. Decent Housing

5. Education

6. Health

7. Criminal Justice

8. Freedom from incarceration

9. Legal process

10. Basic needs

Jesse Jackson

American Civil Rights leader and Baptist minister

Founder of Operation PUSH and Rainbow Coalition

Justice should be rooted in community empowerment

Operation PUSH: People United to Serve Humanity, founded in 1971

RAINBOW: uniting marginalized groups

Women in prisons and jails

• Many states still shackle women during labor and delivery. Too many women in prison are there for drug offenses

•   Economically disadvantaged Black women have fewer resources to make bail, causing them to wind up behind bars for far too long, even for crimes they've only been charged with and often are not found guilty of

Service Agencies

Frequently termed “community-based agencies” because their service has shifted from centralized institutional settings to dispersed geographical locations providing greater access to members of the community

Asset Mapping

Provides information about the weaknesses and resources of a community and can help uncover solutions. Once community weaknesses and resources are inventoried and depicted in a map. You can more easily think about building on these assets to address community needs and improve areas of need

What parts of the community are involved

Individual, policy and socio-political, family, community and organizational

Women and girls incarcerated in the U.S.

According to the lecture, 231,000 women are incarcerated and make up 25% of the prison population

U.S. Incarceration

• Approximately 2 million people are incarcerated in the U.S.

• 37% greater than Cuba

• 69% greater than Russia

• The highest incarceration rate of any country in the world

• Low-income individuals make up 3/5th and minorities make up 2/3rd of the prison population

• Nearly 500,000 people are held for drug offenses (simple possession, non-violent crime

Drug Offenses

Nearly 500,000 people are being held for drug offenses. Makes up 1/5th of people held and 44% held in federal prisons

Women in the Federal Offender Population

Females accounted for 12.3% of all federal offenders sentenced in FY 2020

Average Sentence for Female Offenders

The average sentence for female offenders was 30 months, compared to 44 months for male offenders.

Kemba Smith

Student at Hampton University

Charged with conspiracy to distribute crack and powder cocaine for 24.5 years (255 kg of crack cocaine). Served 6 years in prison. Granted clemency by former President Bill Clinton. The Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, The Links, and NAACP publicly advocated for her release

LDF

Legal Defense Fund

Restorative Justice

When wrong has been done, it needs to be named and persecuted. Those who have been harmed need to be able to retaliate against those that hurt them, to be able to tell their stories to have their questions answered that is, to have the harms and needs caused by the offense addressed. Those who have done wrong must accept their responsibility and take steps to repair the harm to the extent it is possible.

When did Restorative Justice emerge?

In the 1970s

Goals of Restorative Principles

Put key decisions in the hands of those most affected by crime, make justice more healing, and ideally, more transformative, and reduce the likelihood of future offenses

Criminal Justice

Crime is a violation of the law and the state; violations create guilt, justice requires the state to determine blame (guilt) and impose pain (punishment). Central focus: offenders getting what they deserve

3 Pillars of Restorative Justice

1. Harms and Needs

2. Obligations

3. Engagement

Why are women disproportionately stuck in jail?

Women have lower incomes and are far more unlikely to afford bail

LGBTQ community and the criminal justice system

There is a long history of criminalization of LBGTQ people and violent police targeting of LGBTQ spaces

Areas that Community Policing address

1. Problem solving

2. Community partnerships

3. Organizational transformation

Types of Community Correction

Probation, Parole, Home Confinement

Roles and responsibilities of correctional officers

Enforce Rules and Keep Order, Supervise the Activities of Inmates, Searching for Contraband Items, inspecting facilities to Ensure That They Meet Standards, Reporting on Inmate Conduct, aiding in Rehabilitation, and Counseling Offenders

Probation

Court ordered period of correctional supervision in the community, generally an alternative to incarceration

Parole Officer

Specialized in fields such as law enforcement, social work, drug treatment, and counseling. Responsibilities related to a felon’s parole by helping facilitate re-entry into society and monitoring parolee activities to ensure all terms of parole are being met

The Bureau of Justice Assistance

Established in 1984 as a component of the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice

Community Prosecution

Seeks ways to prevent and reduce crime through initiatives that range from cleaning up and maintaining public parks to using civil sanctions to attack nuisance crime

Corey Pegues

• Grew up in Queens

• A retired inspector, who retired early due to an injury, revealed his past afterwards

• Wrote a book titled “Once A Cop”

• Was a part of a drug mafia called the Supreme Team in his youth

• Left the drug ring and enrolled in the Army

• Emphasis on community policing

• Holds a Master of Professional Studies in Criminal Justice Leadership from St. John's University and a Bachelor of Science in Organizational Management from St. Joseph's College