1. Wilson’s 14 Points

Wilson’s 14 Points

A plan by Woodrow Wilson to create lasting peace after WWI, including fairness, free trade, and self-determination.

Demilitarization

Reducing a country’s military forces and weapons to prevent future wars (Germany was forced to do this).

War Reparations

Money Germany had to pay to Allied countries to cover damage caused during WWI.

War Guilt Clause

A part of the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany to accept full responsibility for starting WWI.

Self-determination

The idea that nations or ethnic groups should have the right to choose their own government.

Dawes Plan

A plan to help Germany pay reparations by giving loans from the U.S. and stabilizing its economy.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An agreement where countries promised not to use war to solve problems, though it was not strongly enforced.

Beer Hall Putsch

A failed attempt by Adolf Hitler to take control of the German government.

Weimar Republic

Germany’s democratic government after WWI, which faced economic problems and political instability.

Treaty of Locarno

A series of agreements where Germany accepted its borders and promised peace with Western Europe.

Totalitarianism

A system where the government has total control over people’s lives, including politics, media, and freedoms.

Black Shirts

Violent supporters of Benito Mussolini who used force to intimidate opponents.

March on Rome

An event where Mussolini and his followers pressured the king to give him power in Italy.

Mein Kampf

A book written by Hitler explaining his racist ideas and plans for Germany’s future.

Enabling Act

A law that gave Hitler full power to make laws without parliament, ending democracy in Germany.

Nuremberg Laws

Laws that took away rights from Jewish people and promoted racial discrimination.

War Communism

A system during the Russian Civil War where the government controlled all industry and took food from farmers.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

A policy that allowed some private business to help rebuild the Soviet economy after war.

Collectivisation

A policy under Joseph Stalin where farms were combined and controlled by the state.

Kulaks

Wealthier farmers in the Soviet Union who were targeted and punished during collectivisation.

Holodomor

A man-made famine in Ukraine caused by Stalin’s policies, leading to millions of deaths.