PLTW: Human Body Systems: Unit 1

terms used to explain where body structure is in comparison to another

directional terms

towards the FRONT part of the body

(example: the kneecap is anterior to the back of the knee)

anterior

towards the BACK (hind part) of the body (example: the back of the knee is posterior to the kneecap)

posterior

away from the body surface; INTERNAL

(example: the muscles are deep to the skin)

deep

located near the SURFACE

(example: the skin is superficial to the muscles)

superficial

AWAY FROM THE CENTER of the body, farther from point of attachment

(example: the arms are distal to the body trunk)

distal

CENTRAL point, close to point of attachment

(example: the armpit is proximal to the body trunk)

proximal

towards the UPPER (head) part of the body, body part that is HIGHER

(example: the head is superior to the feet)

superior

towards the LOWER (feet) part of the body, body part that is BELOW

(example: the feet are inferior to the head)

inferior

BACK of human body, pertaining to the posterior side of the body

(example: the spine is dorsal to the chest)

dorsal

FRONT of human body, pertaining to the anterior side of the body

(example: the chest is ventral to the spine)

ventral

SIDE of body part

(example: the lungs are lateral to the heart)

lateral

MIDDLE of body part

(example: the middle finger is medial to the hand)

medial

a group of body organs or structures that together perform vital functions

system

distinguishing character or personality of an individual

identity

terms (anatomical) referring to a specific anatomy of the body (example: abdominal, nasal, antecubital, occipital etc.)

regional terms

the body is standing up straight with the arms hanging at the sides and palms facing forward

anatomical position

stomach

abdominal

inner elbow

antecubital

armpit

axillary

arm

brachial

wrist

carpal

cheek

buccal

head

cephalic

heel

calcaneal

hip

coxal

toes

digital

thigh

femoral

neck, upper spine (posterior view)

cervical

groin

inguinal

nose

nasal

lower spine (posterior view)

lumbar

bootay (posterior view)

gluteal

mouth

oral

back of head (posterior view)

occipital

eyes

orbital

knee

patellar

elbow (posterior view)

olecranal

pelvis

definition: a basin-shaped structure in the skeleton of many vertebrates that is formed by the pelvic girdle together with the sacrum and often various coccygeal and caudal vertebrae and that in humans is composed of the two hip bones bounding it on each side and in front while sacrum and coccyx complete it behind

pelvic

breastbone

sternal

ankle

tarsal

back of knee (posterior view)

popliteal

tailbone (posterior view)

sacral

shoulder blade (posterior view)

scapular

belly button

umbilical

chest area

thoracic

spine (posterior view)

vertebral

definition: an integrated group of cells with a common structure and function

tissue

forms the linings, coverings, and tissue of the body, cells are tightly packed, forming sheets

(squamous cells: flattened, scale-like)

definition: sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities

epithelial tissue

simple columnar epithelial tissue

what is this?

protects, supports, and binds together other body tissues, made up of different types of cells called the matrix

(bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, blood, tendons, ligaments)

definition: animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

(hint: extracellular matrix always signifies connective tissue)

connective tissue

ligaments

what connects bone to bone?

tendons

what connect muscle to bone?

bone tissue

what is this?

adipose (fat) tissue

definition: connective tissue in which fat is stored and which has the cells distended by droplets of fat

what is this?

responds to stimuli and transmits impulses

(neurons, glial cells)

nervous tissue

specialized tissue to contract and cause movement.

(smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle)

muscle tissue

smooth muscle

what is this?

cardiac muscle

what is this?

skeletal muscle tissue

what is this?

muscle that aids in clenching teeth

temporalis

muscle that aids in squinting, SPHINCTER muscle

(hint: OCULAR: eye/ eye pieces in a microscope)

orbicularis oculi

muscle that aids in pouting

orbicularis oris

skull!!!

definition: the skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses and protects the brain and chief sense organs supports the jaws

what is this?

sutures. sutures are fibrous joints in the skull

what are these?

mandible!!! (jaw)

what is this?

sternum!!! (breastbone)

what is this?

manubrium (green), body (blue), xiphoid (purple)

what are the parts of the sternum?

radius!!! (tip: it's the bone connecting to the thumb)

what is this?

ulna!!! (tip: it's the one on the pinky side)

what is this?

carpals!!! (wrists)

what is this?

metacarpals!!!

what is this?

phalanges!!! (reminder: phalanges refer to your fingers AND toes)

what is this?

rib cage!!! (12 pairs of ribs)

what is this? how many pairs of ribs?

true ribs (7 pairs)

what are these? how many pairs of ribs?

false ribs (5 pairs)

what are these? how many pairs of ribs?

floating ribs (do not attach to sternum) (2 pairs)

what are these? how many pairs of ribs?

tibia!!! (tip: it's the thicker one)

definition: the inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg between the knee and ankle that articulates above with the femur and below with the talus- also called shinbone

what is this?

fibula!!! (tip: it's the thinner one)

what is this?

vertebral column!!!

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

(acronym:

C an

T eapots

L ike

S weet

C ream?)

what is this? what are the sections?

cervical (7 vertebrae)

what section of the vertebral column is this? how many vertebrae?

thoracic (12 vertebrae)

what section or the vertebral column is this? how many vertebrae?

lumbar (5 vertebrae)

what section or the vertebral column is this? how many vertebrae?

sacrum (5 vertebrae, fused)

what section or the vertebral column is this? how many vertebrae?

coccyx (4 vertebrae, fused)

what section or the vertebral column is this? how many vertebrae?

scapula!!! (shoulder blade)

what is this?

pelvic girdle!!!

what is this?

femur!!! (thigh)

definition: the proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the longest and largest bone in the human body, extends from the hip to the knee

what is this?

tarsals!!! (ankles)

what is this?

metatarsals!!!

what is this?

phalanges!!!

what is this?

patella!!! (kneecap)

what is this?

clavicle!!! (collarbone)

what is this?

humerus!!!

definition: the longest bone of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow

what is this?

illium (pelvis)

what is this?

pubis (pelvis)

what is this?

ischium (pelvis)

what is this?

axial skeleton (contains: skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum)

definition: the skeleton of the trunk and head

what type of skeleton is this?

appendicular (contains: limbs and girdles)

definition: bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

what type of skeleton is this?

27 bones

how many bones are in the hand (including the wrist)?