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1

characteristics parent offspring

genetics are the study of how __________ are transmitted from ________ to __________

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2

gregor mendel

the father of genetics is

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3

peas

what plant did mendel work with

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4

segregation

only one allele for each trait of gamete is the law of

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5

independent assortment

one sister chromatid cannot influence how others line up is the law of

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6

pisum sativum

the species of name of mendel’s garden peas is

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7

purple white

flower color… either _ or _ *

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8

axial terminal

flower position… either _ or _

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9

yellow green

pea color… either _ or _ ***

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10

round wrinkled

pea shape… either _ or _ ***

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11

green yellow

pod color… either _ or _

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12

inflated constricted

pod shape… either _ or _

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13

tall short

height… either _ or _ ***

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14

parent generation p1 f1

P generation is _______ ___________, f1 generation is the offspring of the __ generation, and the f2 generation is the offspring of the __ generation

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15

offspring generation phenotypic traits

why peas??? lots of ________, quick __________ time, and it’s rly easy to identify the ___________ ______, bc theyre all one or the other

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16

allele

an alternative form of a gene is a(n)

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17

dominant

___________ allele: fully expressed in an organism’s appearance

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18

recessive

__________ allele: no noticable effect on the organisms appearance, aka it is masked

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19

red

red flowers are dominant to white, red crossed with white, the offspring are

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20

genotype

an organism’s genetic makeup is a(n)

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21

phenotype

an organism’s traits/physical appearance as a result of its genotype is its

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22

RR rr Rr

using R and r… homozygous dominant is __, homozygous recessive is __, and heterozygous is __ (make sure this one is right bc the grading system might not care ab capital letters!!)

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23

heterozygous gene normal

a carrier is a _________ organism carrying the _____ of a disorder but the carrier is phenotypically _________

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24

monohybrid cross

a cross between individuals involving one pair of contrasting traits

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25

punnett square

a diagram that predicts the genetic outcome of different types of crosses, probability of the outcome

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26

dihybrid cross

a cross between individuals that involves TWO pairs of contrasting traits

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27

dominant recessive 1 2

difference between dominant and recessive alleles… the _________ allele “overrules” the _________ allele. to be expressed, the dominant trait only needs _ allele; however, for the recessive trait to be expressed, _ alleles are necessary

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complete incomplete

_________ dominance: when one allele has total dominance over the other, ___________ dominance: when the alleles fall somewhere in the middle of the spectrum of dominance

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29

pink

R is red, R’ is white, what color would an RR’ plant be?

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30

RW

an erminette chicken would be __

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31

codominance

__________ is when 2 alleles both affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways

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32

100 1 2 1

BB chicken crossed with WW chicken, for the F1 generation you get __% specked, then the F2 generation is a :: ratio of BB BW WW

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33

okay!

remember erminette chickens (specked) and roan cows (pink) !

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34

I^AI^A I^Ai

A blood is ______ or ___

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35

I^BI^B I^Bi

B blood is _____ or ___

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36

I^AI^B

AB blood is

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ii

O blood is

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AB

__ blood is a universal acceptor

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O

__ blood is a universal donor

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+ + + - - -

Positive blood is Rh^Rh^ or Rh^Rh^ and negative blood is only Rh^Rh^

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41

pleiotropy

a property in which a gene has multiple phenotypic effects, such as how sickle cell anemia usually causes multiple symptoms

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42

epistasis

interaction of genes that are not alleles - the expression of one gene is affected by another gene at a different location

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43

polygenic inheritance

when a trait is controlled by 2 or more genes

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44

dominant

for skin color, the more ________ alleles there are, the darker the skin

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45

normal bell

polygenic traits follow a _________ distribution/_____ shaped curve

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46

pedigree

a family tree describing the interrelationships of parents & children across generations

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47

autosomal recessive

cycstic fibros (autosomal recessive/dominant or x lined)

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48

autosomal recessive

tay-sachs disease (autosomal recessive/dominant or x linked)

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49

autosomal codominant

sickle-cell anemia (autosomal something or x linked)

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50

autosomal dominant

huntington’s disease (autosomal recessive/dominant or x linked)

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autosomal recessive

phenylketonuria (PKU) (autosomal recessive/dominant or x linked)

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x linked recessive

hemophilia (autosomal recessive/dominant or x linked)

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53

cystic fibrosis

what genetic disorder: buildup of mucus in lung

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54

tay-sachs disease

what genetic disorder: lipids accumulate in the brain

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55

sickle cell anemia

what genetic disorder: wrong amino acid in hemoglobin protein, hemoglobin is in the wrong shape, clumps together

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56

huntington’s disease

what genetic disorder: doesn’t show up until youre 30 or 40, involuntary movements, memory problems

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57

phenylketonuria

what genetic disorder: cannot properly break down the amino acid phenylalanine → toxic levels in the blood causing improper development of the brain

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58

hemophilia

what genetic disorder: blood can’t clot, more common in men, bleeding, pain in joints, etc

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59

amniocentesis

a procedure to test a fetus by extracting amniotic fluid from the uterus - checks for genetic disorders/chromosomal abnormalities

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60

chorionic villi sampling

a prodecure in which a narrow tube is inserted into the uterus to take tissue from the placenta

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