ch 14!

characteristics parent offspring

genetics are the study of how __________ are transmitted from ________ to __________

gregor mendel

the father of genetics is

peas

what plant did mendel work with

segregation

only one allele for each trait of gamete is the law of

independent assortment

one sister chromatid cannot influence how others line up is the law of

pisum sativum

the species of name of mendel’s garden peas is

purple white

flower color… either _ or _ \*

axial terminal

flower position… either _ or _

yellow green

pea color… either _ or _ \*\*\*

round wrinkled

pea shape… either _ or _ \*\*\*

green yellow

pod color… either _ or _

inflated constricted

pod shape… either _ or _

tall short

height… either _ or _ \*\*\*

parent generation p1 f1

P generation is _______ ___________, f1 generation is the offspring of the __ generation, and the f2 generation is the offspring of the __ generation

offspring generation phenotypic traits

why peas??? lots of ________, quick __________ time, and it’s rly easy to identify the ___________ ______, bc theyre all one or the other

allele

an alternative form of a gene is a(n)

dominant

___________ allele: fully expressed in an organism’s appearance

recessive

__________ allele: no noticable effect on the organisms appearance, aka it is masked

red

red flowers are dominant to white, red crossed with white, the offspring are

genotype

an organism’s genetic makeup is a(n)

phenotype

an organism’s traits/physical appearance as a result of its genotype is its

RR rr Rr

using R and r… homozygous dominant is __, homozygous recessive is __, and heterozygous is __ (make sure this one is right bc the grading system might not care ab capital letters!!)

heterozygous gene normal

a carrier is a _________ organism carrying the _____ of a disorder but the carrier is phenotypically _________

monohybrid cross

a cross between individuals involving one pair of contrasting traits

punnett square

a diagram that predicts the genetic outcome of different types of crosses, probability of the outcome

dihybrid cross

a cross between individuals that involves TWO pairs of contrasting traits

dominant recessive 1 2

difference between dominant and recessive alleles… the _________ allele “overrules” the _________ allele. to be expressed, the dominant trait only needs _ allele; however, for the recessive trait to be expressed, _ alleles are necessary

complete incomplete

_________ dominance: when one allele has total dominance over the other, ___________ dominance: when the alleles fall somewhere in the middle of the spectrum of dominance

pink

R is red, R’ is white, what color would an RR’ plant be?

RW

an erminette chicken would be __

codominance

__________ is when 2 alleles both affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways

100 1 2 1

BB chicken crossed with WW chicken, for the F1 generation you get ___% specked, then the F2 generation is a _:_:_ ratio of BB BW WW

okay!

remember erminette chickens (specked) and roan cows (pink) !

I^AI^A I^Ai

A blood is ______ or ___

I^BI^B I^Bi

B blood is _____ or ___

I^AI^B

AB blood is

ii

O blood is

AB

__ blood is a universal acceptor

O

__ blood is a universal donor

\+ + + - - -

Positive blood is Rh^_Rh^_ or Rh^_Rh^_ and negative blood is only Rh^_Rh^_

pleiotropy

a property in which a gene has multiple phenotypic effects, such as how sickle cell anemia usually causes multiple symptoms

epistasis

interaction of genes that are not alleles - the expression of one gene is affected by another gene at a different location

polygenic inheritance

when a trait is controlled by 2 or more genes

dominant

for skin color, the more ________ alleles there are, the darker the skin

normal bell

polygenic traits follow a _________ distribution/_____ shaped curve

pedigree

a family tree describing the interrelationships of parents & children across generations

autosomal recessive

cycstic fibros (autosomal recessive/dominant or x lined)

autosomal recessive

tay-sachs disease (autosomal recessive/dominant or x linked)

autosomal codominant

sickle-cell anemia (autosomal something or x linked)

autosomal dominant

huntington’s disease (autosomal recessive/dominant or x linked)

autosomal recessive

phenylketonuria (PKU) (autosomal recessive/dominant or x linked)

x linked recessive

hemophilia (autosomal recessive/dominant or x linked)

cystic fibrosis

what genetic disorder: buildup of mucus in lung

tay-sachs disease

what genetic disorder: lipids accumulate in the brain

sickle cell anemia

what genetic disorder: wrong amino acid in hemoglobin protein, hemoglobin is in the wrong shape, clumps together

huntington’s disease

what genetic disorder: doesn’t show up until youre 30 or 40, involuntary movements, memory problems

phenylketonuria

what genetic disorder: cannot properly break down the amino acid phenylalanine → toxic levels in the blood causing improper development of the brain

hemophilia

what genetic disorder: blood can’t clot, more common in men, bleeding, pain in joints, etc

amniocentesis

a procedure to test a fetus by extracting amniotic fluid from the uterus - checks for genetic disorders/chromosomal abnormalities

chorionic villi sampling

a prodecure in which a narrow tube is inserted into the uterus to take tissue from the placenta