AP Human Geo Unit 6 quiz 1

Borchert's transportation model

a model that describes urban growth based on transportation technology. He divided urban history into 5 periods, each with new technology improvements

City

a legally defined, permanently settled, and densely populated municipality serving as a central hub for economic, social, and political activity

City state

A city and its surrounding territory, functions independently, surrounding territory recieved protection

Central place theory

explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region. The model used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain the distribution of settlements

the distribution of settlements.

Central Business District

the commercial heart of a city. Often located near the physical center of a city, or the crossroads where the city was founded, it is the focus of transportation and services.

Clustered rural settlements

an agricultural-based community where homes, barns, and buildings are situated in close proximity to each other, surrounded by farmland

dispearsed rural settlement

a pattern where individual farmhouses, homes, and buildings are scattered far apart over a large, rural area rather than clustered together

Ecumene

The permanently inhabited portion of the earth's surface, a variety of community types with a range of population densities.

enclosure movement

the process of consolidating small, communal landholdings into larger, private, fenced-off farms. It boosted agricultural efficiency and profits during the Second Agricultural Revolution but displaced rural farmers

Gravity model

larger and closer places will have more interactions

than places that are smaller and farther from each other.

Higher-order services

usually expensive, need a large number of people to support, and are only occasionally utilized.

Examples include major sports teams, large malls, luxury car dealerships,

Lower order services

less expensive than higher-order services, require a small population to support, and are used on a daily or weekly basis. Examples include gas stations,

Market area/hinterland

zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services

services, surrounds each central place.

Primate city

is more developed than other cities in the system, and consequently, disproportionately more powerful. The social, political, and economic hub for the system and offer a wider range of services than do the many smaller cities.

range

The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

rank-size rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop. It states that the nth largest city in a region will be 1/n the size of the largest city.

may develop. It states that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city.

site

describes the characteristics at the immediate location-for example, physical features, climate, labor force, and human structures.

situation

refers to the location of a place relative to it’s surroundings and connectivity to other places

its surroundings and its connectivity to other places.

settlement

a place with a permanent human population

service

an intangible economic activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to the provider

threshold

The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

urban hearth

area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus

urbanization

The process of developing towns and cities, an ongoing process

urban hierarchy

ranking, based on influence or population size. It reflects the distribution of influence, where fewer, larger cities provide specialized services to smaller, dependent surrounding areas,

air and water quality

the scale of usuable to useable water and air in an area of a city. They water quality depends on the source and how it travels to the area in which it is disposed for use by an individual

Bid-Rent Theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. The closer land is to the CBD, the more competition there will be for land since businesses wish to maximize profit.

Counterurbanization

the process of people moving away from urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas

Farmland protection policies

Policies enacted by governments that protect farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use. Uses zoning to identify areas of agricultural land use

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Infilling

building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development

infrastructure

the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity

Linear settlement patterns

linear rural settlements comprise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications

long lot survey

distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

low density housing

there is a smaller density of dwellings per unit area of property. ex. acre You will find less congestion and more privacy

Medium Density Housing

Subdivision or suburban neighborhood

high density housing

the highest density of residents per unit area of land. ex. condos This is nosiest and most congested area

metes and bounds system

A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.

Reurbanization

movement of people back into an area that has been previously abandoned. It is usually a government's initiative to counter the problem of inner city.

satellite city

when an established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one

suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions

Sustainable Design Initiatives

sustainable design: communities use smart growth and green building to create neighborhoods that are economically thriving and environmentally responsible.

township and range system

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.