microbio updated 2 hehe

Major Groups of Microorganisms

Categories including Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Viruses based on their characteristics and habitats.

Characteristics of Microbes

Microscopic size, diverse environments, rapid reproduction, unicellular or multicellular, and metabolic diversity.

Roles of Microbiologists

Tasks like researching microbial physiology, studying pathogens, developing antibiotics, and working in environmental and industrial microbiology.

Importance of Microbes

Essential for nutrient cycling, decomposition, symbiotic relationships, biotechnological applications, and bioremediation.

Eukaryotes vs

Comparison of eukaryotic cells with nucleus and organelles to prokaryotic cells without nucleus, highlighting differences in complexity and size.

Evolutionary Time of Microbes

Microbes' ancient existence around 3.5 billion years ago and their fundamental role in biosphere development.

Theory of Evolution

Explanation of life diversity through natural selection and genetic variation, emphasizing rapid evolution in microbes.

Importance of Decomposition by Fungi & Bacteria

Significance of recycling nutrients and breaking down organic matter in ecosystems.

Uses of Microorganisms

Applications in producing antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, fermentation, waste treatment, and bioremediation.

Bioremediation

Utilizing microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments like oil spills and heavy metals.

Genetic Engineering

Manipulating genes to create genetically modified organisms for beneficial purposes, such as GM yeast for ethanol production.

Compounds from GMO

Products like yeast for fermentation, TPA for thrombolytic action, monoclonal antibodies, and bacterial strains for bioremediation.

Recombinant DNA

DNA molecules formed by combining genetic material from different sources in laboratory settings.

Examples of Diseases from Microorganisms

Diseases caused by bacteria (Tuberculosis, Cholera), viruses (Influenza, HIV), fungi (Candidiasis, Athlete's foot), and protozoa (Malaria, Amoebiasis).

Communicable vs

Distinction between infectious diseases that can be transmitted and non-transmissible diseases like diabetes.

Examples of Infectious Diseases

Common infectious diseases such as Influenza, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and Malaria.

Differentiate among Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotic

Comparison of prokaryotic bacteria and archaea with eukaryotic organisms based on cell structure and characteristics.

What do Fungi Produce?

Outputs like enzymes, antibiotics (penicillin), and alcohol (yeast fermentation).

Termination

The process ends when a stop codon is reached, and the newly formed protein is released.

Rifampicin

Inhibits RNA polymerase, blocking transcription.

Tetracycline

Binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome, preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA.

Chloramphenicol

Binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome, inhibiting peptide bond formation.

Erythromycin

Binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome, preventing translocation during protein synthesis.

Streptomycin

Binds to the 30S subunit, causing misreading of mRNA.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that can have various effects on an organism.

Frameshift Mutation

Insertion or deletion of nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the gene.

Nonsense Mutation

A change that converts a codon into a stop codon, resulting in premature termination of translation.

Silent Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Missense Mutation

A change that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein.