Ap hug: Unit 5 Vocab

Neolithic revolution

The first agricultural revolution. Origin of farming, first domestication of plants and animals where societies had been nomadic hunter gatherers.

Agricultural revolution

Periods of human evolution when farming technologies improved mass cultivation of crops.

Columbian exchange

Exchange of good and ideas between North America, Africa, and Europe. Initaiated by Christopher Columbus.

Hearths of domestication

Origin of where making plants and animals adapt to human demands. Started in the Fertile Crescent.

Indus River valley

Early hearth of domestication located early day Pakistan and India.

Commercial agriculture

The primary goal was to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell profit.

Subsistence agriculture

Goal was to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and their family.

Intensive farming

Farmers/ranchers use large number of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labors, or machines, to max yields.

Exmpl: dairy farming

Extensive farming

Use fewer number of inputs but more land.

Exmpl: shifting cultivation

Shifting cultivation

Farmers grow crop on a piece of land for a year or 2. Soil loses fertility which results in the movement to another field.

Exmpl: slash and burn.

Pastoral nomadism

Subsistent extensive agriculture practices in arid and semi arid climates. Move animals herds to different pastures in land area.

Mixed crops/livestock system

Large-scale mixed crops and livestock which equals intensive commercial integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals.

Exmpl: farmers grow grains to feed livestock to fatten up.

Mediterranean climate

Seasonal changes between summer and winter, moderate rainfall, and moderate temp.

Exmpl: Italy

Market gardening

Fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors.

Aquaculture

Type of intensive farming. Raising typical animals/ sea in close quarters with a central environment.

Exmpl: fish raised in netted areas in sea or tanks.

Urban farming

Cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas, often utilizing small plots of land.

Community supported agriculture

Producers and consumers have a partnership. Consumers buy a share, or subscribe to a certain quantity of a crop for a season.

Value added specialty crops

Consumers are wiling to pay more because of special qualities or because they are difficult to aquire.

Organic farming

Crops that are grown and processed without using GMOs, fertilizers, or pesticides.

Mechanized farming

Techniques used in farming increased crop production and yield.

Exmpl: inventions like the cotten gin and steel plow.

Biotechnology

Form of tech that uses genes to modify products, plants, and animals to develop faster and long lasting crops.

High-yield seeds

Genetically enhanced seeds designed to produce significantly higher crop yields.

Green revolution

Norman Borlaug development of higher-yielding, disease resistant, faster growing grains which resulted in rise in population and yields.

Dietary shifts

faster and easier growing crops which resulted in diet changes.

Fair Trade

Consumers decide to buy products that are labeled fair trade to ensure farmers are paid a fair wage.

Rural land use patterns

A way land is utilized in a non urban area, influenced by agricultural practices, resource availability, and cultural factores.

Exmpl: settlement pattern and survey methods.

Rural settlement patterns

Clustered, dispersed, and linear

Rural survey method

Define boundary of land ownership.

Exmpl: metes and bounds, long lot, and township and range.

Metes and bounds

Utilization of landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines.

Township and range

Rectangles and grid system of 6×6 miles.

von thunen models

-all land is flat -farmers use ox carts to transport goods to market - no barriers to transport

Global supply chain

Network of people, organizations, info, and resources involved in production and distribution of products.

Complex commodity chain

System that connects producer and consumer at global scale.

Economies of scale

Increased efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost which leads to greater equal profits.

Export commodities

Production made in 1 country and sold to another.