L14 - male reproductive system

Male and female pelvic floor openings

Males → opening for bladder(urogenital), digestive tract/ bowl

Females → bladder, digestive tract and vaginal opening

Where does the pelvic brim stretch from

From top of pubic symphesis to top of Sacrum above S1 vertebrae

pelvic floor muscles stretch from

Tip of coccyc to pubic rami

What is everything below pelvic floor muscles called

perineum

Peritoneum in relation to male pelvic organs

all retropeitoneal except rectom top 3rd cover by 3 sides of peritonum, middle only 1 side lower part retroperitoneum

What pouch is formed

• between rectum and bladder form recto vestibular pouch

Function of the testis

produces sperm and hormones (testosterone)

Structure of testis and layers surrounding

Sperm route

• made in semiliferouse tubule

• tehn into straight tubule

• thene inot rete testis

• then into efferent dutules

• then head of epidimis where its stored

During maturation of perm or

• from head to body then to tail of epididymis

• then into ductus defernce (DD)

• then thorugh spermatic cord thorugh superfitial ring

• then through deep ring

• then over the bladder to then over uriter

• then connects to an area called apolo DD

• where meets with seminal vesicle

Seminal vesicles

• convoluted tubules packed into gland

• responsible of 70% of seminal fluid

• fluid contains food e.g. fructose, proteins which is needed by spermatazoa , Vitamine C , citric acid

• fluid is alkali Ph >7 healthy for sperm

Seminal vesicle and ductus defernce

• so ductus deference forms Apollo of ductus which meets seminal duct from seminal vesicle

• they fuse together to form ejaculatory duct which is located behind the prostate

Prostate

• also an exocrine gland

• adds things to sem en

• contributes 1/3 to total vol

• Adds ; sugars (fructose) enzymes (prostatic specific enzymes) and zinc (stablaises DNA)

What are teh 2 things that help regulate sper m production?

Cremsteric muslce → in spermatic cord, brings tetses towards or away from body to make environment good to make sper m (34 degrees)

Dartos msucle → surrounds testis making skin thinner or thicker deepening of environment

what happens next after prostate

• So once sem en form ejaculatory duct gets into prostate is at its full volume after prostte adds more fluid

• then in prostate also get urethra form bladder in here

• urethra meets elements form reproductive tract and they then fuse together and run through urethra thorugh peni s

benign prostatic hyperplasia

• Enlargment of prostate gland on dorsal posterior side

• due to growth of epithilum and stroma tissue

• causes problems with urination as blocsks internal neck sphincter

• have pain during urnation , pee at night , urgency sudden deisre to pee

• treatments → alpha blockers relax muscle , surgery

Prostate cancer

• slow growing cancer

• more comm in erdely men

• death due to metastasis

• have venous plexus which can cause spread to bony pelvis and vertebrae column

• spread through internal iliac veins to heart and lungs

• Symptoms → hard to urinate , back pain due to tumor growth on vertebrae column

• fist way to check is by pressing on anterior wall of rectum to see if have hardening of prost ate

Bulboreurethral gland

• sits next to pelvic floor

• secreates mucus and lumbrication into urethra before sem en passes

• fluid is alkali - helps remove any urine left in urethra nutralise it as its acidic , helps form low viscosity path in vag ina a for spe rm to pass through

Peni s structure

Parts of teh urethra

• Intermurinal - before prostate

• prostetic urethra - in prostate where uriter and reproductive tracts join

• membranous urethra - surrounded by external sphincter

• spongy urethra - most flexible part, longest part , rusn through peni s

Urethral sphincter

Internal urethral sphincter

• just above prostate

• stops urine from leaving bladder

• stops back flow of se men - under sympathetic control

• smooth muscle

• involuntary

• Autonomic nerves - Sympathetic and parasympathetic

External urethral sphincter

• in membranous urethra

• Skeletal muscle

• somatic

• voluntary control

• perineal nerve - branch of pudendal nerve

Flassid state

• most of time in this state

• most arteriol blood bypasses corposa cavernosa through atriovenouse anastomosis

• so most blood goes from arteriol system to veouse system without going through complicated capillary beds

• keeps pressure low and so in flassid state

Errection

• Parsympathtic innervation (S2-S4) closes arterio venouse ansatomasis

• blood is forced through corpus caviosum and corpus somavgiosum

• more blood flowing through then causes errection epenis becomes enlaged and turgid

• Tonic contraction inhibited, arteries straighten incraease blood to cavionosum spaces

• contarction of msucles at base of peni s, vessles become compressed forcing blood to move up the peni s

Pathway of PS fibers in erection

• PS nerves from sacrum nerve s2,s3,s4

• move out then loop back through splanchnic nerves

• then 2nd order reaction with cavernous nerves which increase parasympathetic activity to corpus cavenosam causing errection

what happens after erection

Emission

• when seme n and glandular secretions mix together in prostati c urethra

• sympathtic repsonce

• proximal parts of urethra fill up with se- me

Ejacul-ation

• contraction of urethra

• increase pressure of urethra

• Sympathetic→ cause closure of internal urethral sphincter

• somatic nerves cause rhythmic contraction of muscles in base of pe nis bulbospongioses and ischiocavernosis - involved in erection and increasing pressure in urethra and causing ejacu lation

Remission

• reversion of errect-ion

• increase sympathetic input - return of blood shunts

• Less blood to  blood to pen is

• Allows venous return less coiling of blood vessels at base of pen is

• Becomes flaccid again

Sympathetic pathway for ejaculat-ion

Muscles / tissues involved

arterial supply and nerve supply

last bit look at notes