5. what's in medicine

alcohol

ROH group, ends in -ol

aldehydes

RCHO group, ends in -al

ketones

RCOR’ group, double bond oxygen, ends with -one

carboxylic acids

RCOOH group, double bond oxygen, -oic acid

acid anhydrides

(RCO)2O, double bond oxygens, ends in oic anhydride

esters

RCOOR’, double bond oxygen, ends in -oate

ethers

ROR’, name in middle -oxy-

primary alcohols

alcohol attracted to carbon joined to one carbon

secondary alcohol

alcohol attached to carbon attached to two carbons

tertiary alcohol

alcohol attached to carbon attached to three carbons

oxidising agent

used to oxidise alcohol into different compounds eg potassium dichromate (VI) solution

aldehydes then carboxylic acids

primary alcohol oxidised

ketones only

secondary alcohols oxidised

aren’t oxidised

tertiary alcohols oxidised

distillation of primary alcohol

used to oxidise alcohol produce aldehyde

reflux of primary alcohol

vigorously oxidise alcohol to carboxylic acid, excess oxidising agent, heating

reflux of secondary alcohol

oxide alcohol into ketone, uses oxidant agent

dehydration

forming alkene from alcohol by elimination of water

dehydrating alcohols to form alkenes

* reactant vapour pass over hot catalyst (pumice stone or aluminium oxide) creating gas product
* or, reflux reactant with excess conc sulphuric acid at 170 degrees, product collected over water

mechanism of dehydration to alkene

* H+ ion joins to alcohol, making it protonated and oxygen having positive charge
* positive oxygen pulls electrons from carbon and water falls off, making a unstable carbocation
* carbocation loses H+ and alkene is formed

form esters

alcohols react with carboxylic acids or acid anhydrides

alcohol and carboxylic acid

produces ester by esterification where water is produced from loss of OH and H

alcohol and acid anhydride

produces both an ester and carboxylic acid, where one reactant splits and gains R

makea haloalkane

alcohol and halide ions (eg HCl) substation of -OH for X, shake

phenol

benzene ring with -OH attached, C6H5OH

test for phenol

positive result with iron iii chloride solution turns purple

weak acids

phenols, allows them to react with strong alkalis

phenol with strong alkalis

produces salt and water

phenols don’t react with

carbonates, allow you to tell them apart from carboxylic acids

phenol mak esters

alcohol which react with acid anhydrides by not carboxylic acids

refluxing

solution is heated and any fumes produced are condensed to re react, typically electronically heated

distillation

reactants heated and fumes produced and separated and condensed, allowing you to collect products by boiling points

redistilation

impure products heated and separated by boiling points

seperation

removes a insuluble product form water and anything desolved in it. usa a serparattor funnel.

drying a product

removed water from a soluble product. add anhydrous salt like magnesium sulphate or calcium chloride. looks like a snow globe

filtration

separates solid product from liquids, use a funnel, filter paper and vacuum

recrystallisation

organ solid product, dissolve in hot solvent then cool till it forms crystals as it becomes insoluble. wash with ice cold solvent

ideal solvent for recrystalistion

very soluble at high temp but very insoluble at low temp

measure melting point

a simple way to determine purity that happens at one value. measured as a range

thin layer chromatography

chromatography with a glass or metal plate coated in silica or alumina

fluorescent dye

added to plate coating allowing everything but samples to glow

iodine vapour

place plate in jar with crystals and let the vapour turn the samples purple

Rf value

identifies substance in chromatography. spot over solvent

infrared spectroscopy

uses a beam of radiation and a detector to see what’s absorbed. helps determine bonds in a substance and functional groups

mass spectrometry

process which produces a graph showing mass of a compounds fragments, its Mr is typically the 2nd largest peak. helps work our structure

green chemistry

* use renewable resources
* ensure chemicals and process are as safe was possible
* minimise waste and make products biodegradable or recyclable

renewable resources

raw materials, energy sources and minimise energy use

safe chemicals and processes

produces non toxic and non harmful substances, minimise chance of accidents and improve use of technology to monitor and control

minimise waste

prevent waste, high atom economy, catalysts, reduce steps and biodegradable or recyclable products