Cell Types

Neurons

specialized cells to send and receive electrical signals

What are glial cells

Multipurpose cells that protect and nourish neurons

What is the axons hillock?

Place where axon and soma meet

Action Potential

electrical signal that communicates from soma to axon terminal

Where are neurotransmitters released?

chemical synapse between two neurons

What feature of a dendrite often indicate a synapse?

Desndritic Spines

List the ways you can classify a neuron.

• Morphology

• Neurotransmitters

• Gene or Protein Expression

• Projection Types

• Cell Body Location

List the Categories of Neurons based on morphology.

• Unipolar

• Bipolar

• Pseudounipolar

• Multipolar

Give an example of a psuedounipolar neuron.

Dorsal Root Ganglion

Give an example of multipolar neurons.

Purkinje fibers in the cerebellum

What are dopaminergic neurons?

Neurons that release dopamine as their neurotransmitter

What are serotonergic neurons?

neurons that release serotonin in the synapse

How are neuron projections defined?

by the location of the cell body and axon terminals

Corticothalmic Projection

cell bodies are in the cortex and form synapses in the thalamus

Corticospinal Projection

cell bodies are in the cortex and synapse in the spinal cord

For olfactory, cortical, and cerebellar neurons, the location of the ____ determines the cell type

soma

What is contained in grey matter (cell bodies/axons)

Cell Bodies

What is contained in white matter?

Mylenated axons

True or False: Neuronal layer arrangement varies only across species not cortical areas.

FALSE. It varies in both species and cortical areas.

True or False: Satellite cells are glial cells.

TRUE

List the five types of Glial cells discussed in lecture.

• Ependymal cells

• Astrocytes

• Microglia

• Oligodendrocytes

• Schwann Cells

What is the main function of ependymal cells?

produce CSF

What is the main functions of astrocytes?

• Regulate development, energy, and metabolism

• Synaptic functions

• Maintenance of BBB

What is the main functions of microglia cells?

• Clean up debris

• Immune System in brain

What is the main functions of oligodendrocytes?

Myelinate axons in the CNS

What is the main functions of schawnn cells?

Mylenate axons in the PNS

True or False: Glial cells are defined by the location of their soma/.

TRUE

In the CNS, oligodendrocytes have ____ cell bodies and ___ few processes. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate ____ axons.

Small, few, multiple

Do signals send faster in myelinated or unmyelinated axons?

Myelinated

Name the type of astrocytes present in white matter. Describe their appearance.

Fibrous astrocytes

• long processes that contact nodes of ranvier

Name the type of astrocytes present in grey matter. Describe their appearance.

Protoplasmic Astrocytes

• short processes that envelop the synapse

Why do astrocytes wrap around synapses and blood vessels?

Synapses: isolate them and regulate neurotransmitter levels

Blood Vessels: specialized end-feet to form BBB

What is the appearance of microglia?

small, rod-shaped bodies with many processes

Schawnn cells have _____, ______ nuclei in the PNS. One schawnn cell myelinates _____ axon.

small, elongated, one

Where are schawnn cells located in reference to the myelin sheath?

Edge of myelin sheath

Satellite cell

glial cells that wrap around cell bodies in ganglia

List the neurotransmitters from lecture.

• GLutamate

• GABA

• Acetylcholine

• Dopamine

• Serotonin

• Epinephrine

• Norepinephrine

Node of Ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheaths of schawnn cells that allows for faster signal transmission