Unit 4 Transoceanic interconnections

1450-1750 is the period where

most matime trade is found in the atlatic ocean and around african coast

this time period is the end of _____________ and why

big african empires, fighting, distracted by europeans, slave trade, population was decimated by european diseases

new types of ships used innovations from

the indian ocean

3 new types of ships that emerged

* caraval
* carracks
* fluyt

caravel ship

fast and light

carrack

slow, heavy, carry alot

fluyt

created by the dutch, best of both world, fast and carries alot

wind wheels

wind current patterns around the equator

with a better understanding of __________ sailers can….

winds, sail anywhere in the world

volta de mar

* portugeusereturn through sea
* follow trade winds rather than trying to take shortest path
* quicker and safer

why did technology and knowledge spread throughout europe so fast

there was no more land to conquer or things like gold or silver to get from europe so there was competition between countries to go out and get as much land and wealth as possible

mercantalism

only so much gold and silver exists in the world so whoever has the most is the most powerful, again no more in europe but plenty in the new world and africa

1400-1800 what happened

european monarchies started launching expensive voyages into the oceans

these voyages were funded by…

royal crowns, private investors, and government authorities

this new age of exploration results in

a new age of european conquering

the main explorers shift from ___________ → _____________ and why

muslims → europeans, they were exploring places that the islamic empires didnt know existed and didnt have direct ocean access to

motivations for exploration

3 g’s, god gold and glory

cash crops were…

labor intensive but extremely lucrative so the europeans forced natives to farm them

why was there a desire to make new trade routes to asian markets

the silk road was no longer safe after the fall of the mongols and the islamic gunpowder empires were now in the way (christain europeans didnt trust muslims)

after in __________ in 1492 in spain, europe was all _____________ and after the _____________ and lots of fighting over ________________ the newly discovered lands allowed ____________________

reconquista, reformation, different versions of chirstanity, spread christanity even further

the natives in these ‘new lands’ already had religion but…

becasue they were not christain they were viewed as savages and forced to convert

who are the first 2 countries to begin exploration and how did they do

spain

* goes all in for a long time
* conquers alot in new world
* turns toward pacific later
* tried to conquer as much as possible
* quantity over quality
* small empire in the indian ocean

portugal

* very first to go out
* goal was to control indian ocean trade
* got ripped off with bad spices
* started strong but slowed down
* too small of a country for such expenses
* made contact with african tribes
* kinda kick off slave trade

which countries take a little longer and how did they do

france and england

* gain alot of land
* focus on new world
* turn to pacific later

dutch and exploration

* limited but make a ton of money
* do little in americas
* focus on modern day south africa
* also modern day indonesia
* made small empire in the indian ocean
* quality over quantity

the europeans were only interested in the ___________ of the new lands and not the ___________ so they didnt send ______________ with the explorers and instead just let them ________________ which often time meant __________________

comercail ventures, people, soliders to conquer and fight the natives, do whatever they deemed fit or necessary, commiting atrocotices and doing terrible things to natives

which country is teh first out of europe and what do they do

portugal, they pave the way for exploration and interacted with all the territories they came into contact with

what resulted in portugal sailing down the coast of africa to get to the indian ocean

european interest in spice and asian goods

trading post empires

empires that just control trade and trade cities not the people living there

portugal started trade with

kongo

nzinga mbemba

kongo king that converted to chirstanity in hopes of better relationships with the portuguese

how did portugal lead to kongos downfall

wanted more slaves and the kingdom couldnt keep up with the demand

ndongo

started trade with portugal but portugal pushed to create colony that could support slave trade

what happened when portugal gained control of ndongo

created angola which was the 1st european colony in sub saharan africa

the portuguese and the dutch searched to create ______________________ in the south by……

commercial opportunities, helping tribes fight other tribes

around 1700 the _______ have a good number of people and control in _______________

dutch, south africa

west africa started to develop

regional kings that replaced the imperial states

east africa started to develop

city states under the control of the portuguese

central and south africa started to develop

regional kingdoms

what happened after the songhai crumbled

smalll regional kingdoms ermerged because the new type of trading discouraged big imperial empired from forming

there was lots of ______________ between the regional kingdoms constantly trying to ________________________

intense competition, gain more acess to more weapons to defend land

why did the swahili states start to crumble

what was portugals goal in east africa and what was the outcome

to set up trading forts to control indian ocean trade and it didnt work

portugal was ____________ in trying to _______________ but were never able to _____________

agressive, maintian land and dominate spice trade, totally control the indian ocean and its trade

christopher columbus

landed in the carribean and hispaniola

in 1498 __________________became the capital of spanish carribean

santo domingo

what did settlers do first

look for gold

encomienda

tribute system used by spanish, bring us gold or die, didnt work bc not alot of gold there

the spanish tried to….

convert natives and forced them to build churches and crosses

the ___________________ are forgotten by the spanish when…..

carribean, silver is discovered in america

why do other european countries flood the carribean

great place to grow cash crops

the spanish were only interested in what in the americas

gold and silver

during the 16th century conquistadors used what to conquer

guns and germs

cortez conquered

moctezuma ll and aztec

pizarro brings down

atahualpu and inca

what helped cause the downfall of the aztec and inca and what is the irony

irony is that what built their empires also caused the downfall, bc with aztecs with their tribute system the spanish saw how much gold they had and wanted it and with the inca their amazing road system made it easy for pizarro to naviagte and conquer

at first who ruled the spanish colonies

soilders

by 1570 the spanish crown does what

realizes that soilders are not good leaders and takes control

viceroy

rulers ruling colonies in new world under spanish king and queens orders

audiencia

like noblitiy of new world , wealth spainards who kept the viceroy in check

mexico renamed

new spain, big city is old tenochitlan called mexico city

peru renames

new castine, lima

most of the people coming from europe were _________________ resulting in what

men, they had babies with natives so had to come up with new social orer bc new races

mestizos

white and indigenous

mulattos

white and black

even with new races who dominated

europeans

castas system

penninsulares → creoles → mestizos → native americans/indigenous → enslaved persons

penninsulares

born in spain, died out pretty quick

creoles

parents were pure spanish so penninsulares, but born in new spain

the castas system was

fairly rigid bc skin color hard to hide and doesnt go away

during the 16th century the _______________________________ started searching north america for……

british, french, dutch, an oceanic passage from europe to india passing through the americas

by the early 17th centurty they aterted makine

permanent colonies

what was the original problem with settler’s colonies

* no one came to grow food they came to get rich and find gold
* not good at growing crops
* lots of starvation and famine bc of it
* cash crops save them

spanihs were most interested in

gold and silver

what was more abundant

silver

the spanish “employed” _________ and later started using the ______________ to “draft” workers for ___________________ and indigenous people had to send _______________

indigenous people, mita system, dangerous tasks, 1/7 of their male population

where did most of the collected gold go

europe then traded around the world

mercantlism

idea that wealth came from owning as much gold and silver as possible bc finite amount in world

owning ____________ meant you had places to ____________ and ______________

colonies, get resources, sell product

spanish america was know for

farming, livestock, craft production

hacienda

estate that produced everything it needed for itself and some extra that was traded

who owned the haciendas

creoles

who were employed at haciendas and how did it work

indigenous people, given some land for themselves for subsistence farming but rest had to work for creoles

indigenous people were a major part of

the hacienda system

at first the spanish relied on the ___________ system but eventually pulled _____________ to work, basically__________________

ecomidena system, people with debt, serfdom with a twist

the portuguese depended on the production of…

sugar

portuguese lords

settled on lands and used african slaves but then started to move with animals because sugar is draining on the soil

why couldn’t the portuguese employ indigenous

because they were hidden deep in the amazon

engeho

sugar mill and all the different parts of production, monopoly on it so they could control the prices

settlers in north america relied on…

tobacco and cotton

when plantations grow so does the need for

cheap labor

at first the settlers used ___________ but later turn to…

indentured servants, slave labor

indentured servants

struggling people in europe who agreed to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for passage across the atlantic

why were indenturred servants consirdered too expensive

had to pay for them to come over and provide for them and alot of times they died before theyre years were complete and eventually left and struggled to find jobs

big push to

convert indigenous ppl to christanity

because of ______________ christanity was most sucessful in __________________

virgin of guadalupe looking more like the indigenous people, mexico

trade with europe caused an ___________ in africa because…

arms race, all the tribes neede more weapons to protect themselves from other tribes and to get more weapons they needed to trade more slaves

what does the atlantic slave trade lead to

fundamental changes in african society and instability that will lead to imperialism

many of the _____________ thrived on the _________________ and collapsed when…

west african triebs, slave trade, when it was abolished

the _______________ was addcited to the goods coming from the americas like….

old world, sugarcane tobacco cotton and maize

plantations…

rapidly grew