Charlotte psych 230 LC 2

Long term memory is made up of:

Explicit (declarative) memory and Implicit (non declarative) memory

The Modal Model of Memory shows

How information flows through our memory

Describe the Modal Model of Memory

Starts with input (from the environment/world) -> sensory memory -> Short term memory ->

What is rehearsal?

A control process, going over information over and over in your short-term memory moves it to your long term memory.

Sensory Memory

the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system (almost everything you sense)

Factors of sensory memory

- Decays rapidly

- Has a large capacity

- NOT semantic

Why is sensory memory modality specific?

All sensory memory stores have slightly different durations.

Iconic memory

Kind of sensory memory that is VISUAL, it is like the after image you see (think what you see when you see sparkler trails)

Echoic memory

Kind of sensory memory that is AUDITORY, it is like when you ask a person to repeat themselves but then know what they said before they have to repeat it

Sensory memory is not related to attention

You CANNOT control what enters your sensory memory.

How long does echoic memory last?

Lasts for approximately 10 seconds

How long does iconic memory last?

Lasts for approximately 1/2 of a second (but capacity is LARGE!)

How long does short term memory last?

15 to 25 seconds

Proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (you will do good the first time, but as you keep going, you will do worse) - think about having to record letters after briefly seeing them, when more are added on, you do worse (you do the best in the beginning)

What is the capacity of short term memory?

4-9 items

The magical number 7...

miller (but not always true)

How do participants remember more boxes?

CHUNKING

The magical number 4...

Our STM capacity is 4 items when there is no ability to chunk

What is chunking?

organizing items into familiar, manageable units (think UNCNFLUSA)

Chunking sentenece example:

We remember more when random words are chunked into a sentence rather than when they are just presented in a list.

Short term memory capacity changes as...

The complexity of the subject changes. For example, we can remember more if it's just a simple box, but if it's a complex 3D object, we remember less.

Working Memory

Like another version of short term memory but a different theory (not the Modal Model)

What is the working memory theory called?

Baddeley's working memory model

Parts of working memory:

Phonological loop, central executive, visuospatial sketchpad

Working memory highlights the fact that...

manipulation of the information can take place in STM

Parts of Phonological loop

-Verbal and auditory information

-Rehearsal process (when you repeat things in your head over and over)

Parts of the visuospatial sketchpad

-Visual and spatial information

-Like holding a picture in your mind of your way around campus

Parts of central executive

-Where the work happens

-Both other systems are attached to the CE

-This is where the two other systems combine

Phonological similarity effect

We are more likely to confuse letters that sound similar rather than look similar (G and J)

Word length effect

Memory for lists of short words is better (IF YOU CAN REHEARSE)

Articulatory Suppression

Word length effect goes away if you can't rehearse

Visuospatial sketch pad evidence:

Think about the study where it takes us more time to define the shape or letter if we have to rotate it more in our mind (suggesting there is manipulation going on in the mind)

Working memory is set up to process different types of information...

Simultaneously

Working memory has trouble when...

Similar types of information are presented at the same time

Double dissociation example related to visual and spatial WM in the brain

People will lose either their auditory or visual working memory but the other won't be impacted.

Another working memory model includes what?

Episodic Buffer

Episodic Buffer

- Backup store that communications with Long term memory and working memory components

- Holds information for longer and has a greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad

Study about anxiety and working memory

By writing about your anxiety before being tested, you are taking the anxiety out of your working memory, which can help you perform better

Long term memory begins...

after the 30 second mark (what did I do 5 minutes ago, what did I do yesterday, what did I do last year, etc)

LTM vs STM

LTM is measured from minutes to years. STM is measured from milliseconds to seconds

Components of LTM

explicit (declarative) and implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Serial Position Curve

graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people's ability to recall items on a list

Primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well (rehearsed the most times because it comes first - enters LTM)

Regency effect

better memory for the items at the end of a list (most recent in STM)

Delaying recall does what do the regency effect?

Making participants count backward so they can't rehearse REMOVES the regency effect

More rehearsal =

More likely to enter LTM

Short term memory is susceptible to...

Rapid decay and phonological interference (like counting backward)

Long term memory is...

Longer lasting and susceptible to semantic interference

Memory coding...

Coding used depends on the situation... but auditory is most common in STM and semantic is most common in LTM

Semantic memory

memory for knowledge about the world, facts, general knowledge

Proactive interference decreases when...

a different kind of stimuli is presented (think about the group of fruits, but then they randomly put a group of professions)

Amnesia

loss of memory

Retrograde amnesia

Forgetting things that happened in the past, tends to be closer to when the damaged occurred!

Anterograde Amnesia

Forgetting things that happen after the damaged occurred (no new memories), tends to be closer to when damaged occurred!

Clive Wearing Case Study

Hippocampus removed, can only remember things in the moment

Henry Molaison (HM)

After surgery, his intelligence and short term memory stayed the same. He had SEVERE anterograde amnesia. He also had some retrograde amnesia (3 years before surgery - more distant memories were fine)

What did these case studies suggest?

The hippocampus is critical for one's ability to encode new long-term memories

Patient KF

could form new long-term memories, but when asked to recall a list of digits, could only remember one or two at a time

Double dissociation between KF and clive wearing/HM

KF only had impaired STM (fine LTM), Clive and HM only had impaired LTM (fine STM)

Explict memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (you can say them out loud)

Parts of explicit memory:

Episodic and semantic memory

Episodic memory

Events ("Tell me about your birthday party")

Semantic memory

Facts ("What is the capital of Delaware?")

Double disassociation explicit memory example:

KF had no episodic memory due to hippocampus damage (could not recall events from his past), but could still state general facts about the past. LP Italian woman had impaired semantic memory but could still remember events from her past (episodic memory preserved).

Double disassociation of episodic vs semantic memories in fMRI

Retrieving episodic memories activates different parts of the brain than retrieving semantic memories does

In autobiographical memories...

Episodic and semantic memories occur together

BUT, in autobiographical memories...

Episodic memories can be lost while semantic memories are retained. Episodic memories fade to semantic memories, then semantic memories fade.

Episodic memory can improve semantic memory by...

Relating facts to events in your own life

Semantic memory can change...

One's experience/episodic memories. For example, if you really liked baseball, your semantic memories of baseball would cause different episodic memories for you than for someone who didn't know a lot about baseball.

Distant memories tend to be more _______ compared to recent memories.

Emotional

The effect of time

Forgetting increases with longer intervals from the original encoding (forgetting is not all or none)

Remember/know procedure

A procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it, or know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don't remember experiencing it earlier.

Remembering is....

episodic

Knowing is...

semantic

Something new

means participant forgot

Semanticization of memories

episodic details are lost over time and episodic memories become semantic memories (in general, things are forgotten overtime, both memory types fade)

What brain area is critical in declarative memory?

Hippocampus

Nondeclarative (implicit) memory

Can't be verbally reported (like it is hard to verbally tell someone how to tie a shoe)

Parts of implicit memory

Procedural, priming, classical conditioning, habituation and sensitization

Procedural memory

- Depends on extensive and repeated experience (think like lacing your shoes)

- Usually experimented with serial RT task and mirror tracing

Can people with amnesia have procedural memory?

YES - they can learn despite not remembering ever doing the task. Think about the study where the person with amnesia was asked to draw a star, and despite not remembering doing the task, after many trials of the task they got better and better at drawing it.

Patients with what show impaired procedural learning?

Parkinson's and Huntington's

Mirror reverse reading example

If practiced enough, people get really good at reading words when they are reversed or mirrored. Have the ability to detect more mirrored words than those who haven't practiced.

Priming Example from class:

If primed with fruits, we likely put "apple" when asked to write a word starting with "ap" or "banana" when asked to write a word starting with "ba"

What is priming?

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Word fragmentation study from class:

If primed with the word beforehand, participants were more likely to identify a fragmented word than those who were not primed with the word.

How does priming impact people with amnesia?

People with amnesia show normal priming effects

Semantic priming within a category example

Like "dog" can prime the response "wolf" (kind of like scenic priming)

Repetition Priming study showed that

Repeatedly priming people with amnesia increases the percent of words they recall (though their explicit memory of the words is bad a first)

Real Life Priming

a) People who were deliberately trying to memorize ads did better

b) In deliberate and incidental, they both had an effect on how they rated the advertisement later

c) The lower they are, the more eye catching

d) Things that they had seen were rated as more appealing (because they were familiar in an implicit way)

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Baby Albert Experiment

Baby was classically conditioned a baby to fear a white rat. Then the baby feared all furry, white things.

Dog and drain example

One time, the drain made a really loud noise. The dog became classically conditioned to fear the drain. The loud bang is the unconditioned stimulus and the drain is the conditioned stimulus

Nonassociative learning groups

Habituation and Sensitization

Habituation

Becoming more used to something overtime. For example, you might get used to the motion on a boat after a while.

Sensitization

Becoming more sensitive to something overtime. For example, you might start to be annoyed when the person next to you clicks their pen for the 20th time.

Neuropsychology and amnesia

Is a temporal gradient

What are the memory stages?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Encoding

Processing (acquiring) information

Maintenance rehearsal

Mainly keeping the information in your STM, involved repeating something over and over again.