csulb comm 110 exam 1 review

communication

process of responding or reacting to information with understanding

metacommunication

When we communicate with others about the way we are communicating,

human communication

process that helps individuals create meaning about what they experience and observe in the world around them and then attempt to share that sense of meaning with other persons.

mass communication

occurs when an individual sends the exact message to a huge number of people at one time, without much (if at all) direct, listener feedback

public communication

a communicator delivers a speech to a big audience live and in person

small group communication

investigates messages between persons—usually in clusters of 3 to 12 individuals—who meet to interact with a common goal, to find a solution, to avoid a potential dilemma, take a vote, or for recreation.

intrapersonal communication

focusing on communicating with our- selves, commonly referred to as inner monolog

intergroup communication

communication exchanges between individuals from different social or demographic groups ex. gender, class, or age

intercultural communication

communication between persons from two distinct cultures

interpersonal communication

process of exchanging messages between two people who are relating and influencing each other simultaneously with the intent of managing an ongoing relationship

impersonal

occurs when you relate to people on the basis of cultural orientation or their social roles

impersonal vs interpersonal

impersonal uses cultural and sociological data and relates to people on the basis of cultural/social roles

interpersonal uses psychological data and treats others as individuals

interpersonal communication principles

Inescapable

Irreversible

Unrepeatable

inescapable

-"one cannot not communicate."

-all behavior can be seen as communication

-other people can give meaning to what we do even if we do not intend to be sending a message.

irreversible

we cannot delete or erase what we have said to another individual.

unrepeatable

virtually impossible for us to communicate with another individual in the same manner more than once.

3 primary human needs

affection

inclusion

control

affection

people need to offer and accept physical tenderness

inclusion

need to be a part of social interactions with other people

control

relates to our desire to dictate the lives of our relational partners and have them govern or influence our lives in some ways

source

person who creates or sends a message (sender)

encoding

process of translating or interpreting internal ideas, thoughts, sensations, and feelings into a code (language)

message

verbal (spoken), nonverbal (unspoken), or written features of communication that people use to assign meaning

channel

medium through which they are conveyed

receiver

individual who creates meaning or tries to make sense out of a message

decoding

message by interpreting what the source is trying to send, using code (language)

noise (physical & psychological)

anything that may cloud the overall clarity of the message and hinder understanding with the intended effect and meaning.

physical- external

psychological- internal

feedback

constant exchange of messages between source (sender) and receiver

context

refers to environmental factors that influence the message

message transfer model

-communication is depicted as an action

-communication is portrayed in simple, linear structure or chain instead of a process that involves sources and receivers influencing each other in real time

-one way communicate

message exchange model

-includes feedback and describes communication as an interaction

-the model characterizes human communication as interactive because the receiver can influence the source of a message through feedback

-two way interaction, w/ feedback

message creation model

-we see human communication characterized as a transaction

-it shows the simultaneity of communication between senders and receivers

-simultaneous transaction, including context

qualitative research

research the focus is on interpreting human behavior by looking at why people do what they do

quantitative research

methods are primarily numerical and computational

mixed research

combines both approaches

features of competent communication

effective

appropriate

adaptable

involvement and conversational management

unconscious incompetence

You are not aware or conscious of the areas in your communication skills that need enhancement or improvement

conscious incompetence

You are aware of the deficits in your skill set and knowledge, and you are unsure about how to improve them

conscious competence

You are mindful of how to improve your skills and are actively and earnestly applying newly learned strategies

unconscious competence

You reach this level of competence when you have practiced and employed all your learned skills and strategies such that you are so accustomed that they come naturally and instinctively to you without a second thought

ontology

-study of human nature, or what it means to be a person

-A model of the world and its components

epistemology

focuses on how we acquire knowledge and what is true or false

modernism

idea that a universal truth exists, discovering the natural or inherent patterns of social life requires attached observation

post- modernism

critical perspective, saying there is no universal truth, no single standard & no natural order

subjective stance

notion that we always bring a particular view point to our observations and studying interpersonal communication requires interpersonal

objective stance

best way to understand our relationship is to study them as independent observers using scientific method

determinism

social behavior caused by external forces, and there is nothing that you can do about it

humanism

we are what we are because of choices we make, focusing on examining peoples choices by interpreting expressions, accounts and stories

self concept

notion of this internal self; it is your subjective and esoteric description of who you believe yourself to be

subjective self awareness

ability you have to distinguish yourself from your surround- ings and environment

objective self awareness

ability to be the object of your own thoughts and focused attention

narcissism

an overinflated, yet brittle, ego system that is typically denoted by such traits as excessive pride, superiority, and self-importance

hubris

defined as an exalted and exaggerated self-pride, which often comes in the forms of bravados, overconfident speech, and arro- gant behavior

self esteem

we derive our self-worth, which is a perceptual process of ever-shifting self-value

3 major components of the self

material

social

spiritual

material self

That part of you that includes what you own or what you have

social

The aspect of your identity that is in relationship with other people

spiritual

Contains your values, attitudes, and beliefs about morality, spirituality, religion, and other existential concerns

Myers-Briggs typology

attempts to study personality assess- ments that measure four dimensions (quadrants) of the personality

Introversion/Extroversion

measures how a person is affected by the social environment at any given time. More specifically, this measures whether a person becomes innervated or enervated (energized or drained) form their social conditions and the resultant interpersonal interaction

Intuitive or Sensing

measures how an individual manages and processes information

thinker vs feeler

how people tend to make decisions

feeler- bend decisions out of sympathy

thinker-detatched in there decision making

Judgers vs Perceivers

considers how an individual prefers to organize and spend his or her time

judger- linear, decisive, and inflexible in planning events

perceiver-peaceful, comfortable, and relaxed

impression management

means that we attempt to control how others ultimately see us

etiology

A story about how the world began

paradigm

shared belief system for how the world functions and what is true

paradigm shift

we tend to not question or challenge these overarching belief systems until we adopt a new set of beliefs

intergroup communication

strives to explain the behavioral actions and reactions of people while with their "in" group (where they belong) and while apart from the "in" group (where they do not belong)

interpersonal interaction

is a way to look at what is happening between two people who are having an intimate conversation and their identities are not driven or shaped by any common group, category, or membership association

intergroup communication

occur on those occasions when the discourse is between two or more people who are in the same group or social category

modern world view on race

denotes the genetically transmitted physical characteristics of a group of people who are classified together

post-modern view on race

social construction based on a sub- jective assessment of what defines "me" (self) and "not me" (the other), using physical or biological information to substantiate personal or collective judgments

culture

learned system of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values, mores, and norms that are shared by a group of people

subculture/coculture

distinct cultures inherent in the larger culture

cultural values

fundamental features that keep a cultural group cohesive

5 basic components of culture values

comfort with uncertainty

degree of power distance

individual or group inclination

gender inclination

time orientation

uncertainty avoidance

the level of comfort or discomfort with uncertainty

power distance

describes the gap between those people in positions of authority and those persons who are not in positions of influence

individualism

focus on personal goals, aspirations, and dreams

collectivism

values the advancement of the whole group

time orientation

the way a society sees time, placing value on the future (forward looking), the past (history and tradi- tion), or the present (here and now)

feminine oriented culture

priority is given to the fam- ily, nurturing others, supporting personal re- lationships, and overall well-being

masculine oriented culture

priority to achievement, power, production, monetary prowess, material possessions, military skill, and overall success

culture shock

When you are exposed to a culture that has a worldview unlike your native culture

4 phases of culture shock

honeymoon phase

crisis phase

adjustment phase

adaptation phase

Axiology

study of the value of things

social identity theory

a person's social identity is that part of an individual's self-concept that comes from his or her membership to a social group

in-groups

Personal identification and affiliation with a certain social group

out groups

A group outside your social sphere or network

communication accommodation theory

individuals tend to adapt their verbal and nonverbal styles to appear either similar or dissimilar to a conversational partner

empathy

occurs when you can experi- ence concern because you feel as if you are living through a similar emotional reaction as another person

sympathy

a detached and general acknowledgment or declaration that someone may be feeling bad and in need of some understanding