Immigration & Labor Unions

Emma Lazarus

Author of the poem “The New Colossus” that is on the Statue of Liberty- welcoming immigrants

Old Immigration

Old immigrants came to the U.S. and were generally wealthy, educated, skilled, and were from southern and eastern Europe.

New Immigration

New immigrants were generally poor, unskilled, and came from Northern and Western Europe.

Ellis & Angel Island

immigration processing centers on the East and West coasts respectively

Jane Addams

Created the Hull House and provided support and services to immigrant communities.

Dumbbell tenements & Slums

reflected poor living conditions in urban areas.

WASP

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

“Anti-Papism”

targeted Catholic immigrants

“Know Nothing“ Party

anti-immigrant political party— Later the ”American Party”

Chinese Exclusion Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement

Anti-Chinese laws caused by the influx of chinese immigration to the west coast

Boss Tweed

corrupt head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868

Pacific Railroad Act

(1862) Government gave incentives for corps. construction railroads. first time gov. gave $$ for internal improvements

Land Grants

The Pacific Railroad Act granted land to railroad companies to encourage the construction of the transcontinental railroad.

Transcontinental Railroad

The transcontinental railroad was a railway line that connected the east and west coasts of the United States, significantly reducing travel time and costs.

Leland Stanford

Leland Stanford was one of the key figures in the development of the Central Pacific Railroad, which was part of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Cornelius Vanderbilt was a prominent industrialist and philanthropist who made his fortune in railroads and shipping.

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie was a steel magnate who revolutionized the steel industry through vertical integration and the use of the Bessemer process.

Henry Frick

Henry Frick was a business partner of Andrew Carnegie and played a key role in the management of Carnegie Steel Company.

Bessemer Process

The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of stee

John Rockefeller

John Rockefeller was the founder of Standard Oil Company and one of the wealthiest individuals in American history.

Pullman Cars

Pullman cars were luxury railway cars designed and manufactured by the Pullman Company, known for their comfort and amenities.

Rebates

Railroad companies offered rebates to large shippers, leading to unfair advantages and anti-competitive practices.

Trusts and Monopolies

Trusts were large corporations that controlled multiple companies in the same industry, often leading to monopolistic practices and anti-competitive behavior.

Vertical Integration

Vertical integration is a business practice where a company controls all aspects of production, from raw materials to finished products.

Horizontal Integration

Horizontal integration involves merging with or acquiring competitors to consolidate market share and reduce competition.

The Gospel of Wealth

The Gospel of Wealth was an essay written by Andrew Carnegie, advocating for the wealthy to use their fortunes to benefit society.

Russell Conwell

(1843-1925) American Baptist minister, orator, philanthropist, author, lawyer, and writer, wrote “Acres of Diamonds”

Herbert Spencer

Originated “survival of the fittest”

William Graham Sumner

American historian, economist, and sociologist, famous for his strong support of laissez-faire economy, free markets, and anti-imperialis

Henry George

Progressivist

Edward Bellamy

Nationalist

Knights of Labor

American labor union associated with anarchists. Founded by Terrence Powderly

Samuel Gompers

Cigar roller and founder or American labor union

Great Railroad Strike

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was a nationwide strike by railroad workers in response to wage cuts, leading to violent clashes with authorities.

Homestead Steel Strike

The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 was a labor strike at the Carnegie Steel Company's Homestead Plant, resulting in a violent confrontation between workers and Pinkerton agents.

Pullman Strike

The Pullman Strike of 1894 was a nationwide railroad strike against the Pullman Company, disrupting rail traffic and leading to federal intervention.

Scabs

Yellow Dog Contract

Eugene V. Debs