World History 2 - Unit 2: The Reformation and Scientific Revolution (copy)

Hapsburgs

controlled most of europe, strictly catholic

Charles V

became king of spain, the hapsburg’s land, and the holy roman empire

Johan Tezel

sold church indulgences near martin luthers home town

Martin Luther

germen monk, 95 theses

martin luthers 3 primary rules

1. salvation by faith alone

2. everyone has an individual relationship with god

3. the bible is the true authority of god

Pope Leo X

against luther, puts him on the diet of worms

Protestants VS Catholics

The catholics believed that the church has the authority, the protestants did not. They thought jesus only had the true authority.

John calvin

another protestant, Calvinism, followers called Calvinists/Huguenots, predestination, strict, theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

John Knox

takes calvin’s ideas to scotland, overthrows the queen, Presbyterians

Henry IV

edict of nantes - grants freedom of worship for huguenots

Henrey VIII

catholic, annals his marraige because of heir problems, issues the act of supremacy

Act of Supermacy

Makes English King the head of the new Anglican Church (thus breaking ties with Church and making England Protestant)

Paul III

council of trent, new catholic orders

Paul IV

index of forbidden books, roman inquisition

Council of trent

4 main ideas:

1. Salvation by faith and good works

2. Bible and the church share god’s authority

3. Popes interperatations of the bible are final

4. Indulgences, relics, and pilgrimages are examples of devotion/piety

Ignatius Loyola

Jesuits, spread catholicsm, missionaries, established schools

Schmalkaldic League

catholic forces, lead by charles v, fought the protestants

Peace of Augsburg

Granted German princes the right to choose Lutheran or Catholic in Holy Roman Empire

Defenestration of Prague

someone being thrown out of a window

Edict of Restitution

forced Protestants to return to the Roman Catholic church all property seized since 1552

King Gustavuz Adolphus

protestant side, turned the tide of the 30 years war,

Peace of Westphalia

seen as end of Reformation, allows German princes to choose Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist

Reformation

1517-1648

Impact of Reformation

Political - decline in church’s power

Economical - increase in capitalism

Social - more religious tolerance, slight increase in middle class

Copernicus

popularized the heliocentric theory

Kepler

used laws of planetary motion to provide evidence for the heliocentric theory. (german) (found out that planets move faster closer to the sun + planetary order)

Galileo

built his own telescope, saw moons orbiting Jupiter, and proved not everything revolves around the Earth. objects fall at the same rate. (improved theory) (printing press spread his ideas)

Harvey

Discovered how circulatory system works — blood pumped from heart not stored in liver

Vesalius

"father of anatomy" — Performed autopsies to see structure of human body, performed detailed drawings On the Fabric of the Human Body

Isaac Newton

Three laws of motion, law of gravity

Francis Bacon

gets a lot of credit for popularizing the scientific method (father of empiricism)

Rene Descartes

one of the first modern philosophers, rejects knowledge based on authority (authority is wrong), and knowledge based on senses (can be misleading) so how can we know anything??

* "I think, therefore I am"

Leuwenhoak

built his own microscope and became first to discover microorganisms

Boyle

various advances in chemistry using scientific method