Chapter 12 - Political Evolution in the Age of Jackson

Slave

________- owning attorney from Kentucky.

Andrew Jackson

________- Spoils system + use of veto + national nominating convention.

Slavery

________- Controversial issue + root of other issues.

Northerners

________- Settlement in West → Less laborers.

Robert Hayne

________- Lands should be for new slave territories.

Whigs

________- Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Abraham Lincoln.

Daniel Webster

________- Land + tariff + slavery + states rights (divide nation)

Protective tariff

________- Protect domestic manufacturers (not to raise revenue)

1819

Economic changes after War of 1812

1837

Jackson + Van Buren manipulating finances (Bank War + state banks)

Monroe Era

Nationalism + prosperity

North

5th Amendment protects slaves as property

South

End slavery as soon as possible

Protective tariff

Protect domestic manufacturers (not to raise revenue)

1810

Influential in Senate

American System

BUS + protective tariff + internal improvements

1824

JQA wins over Jackson in House

Corrupt bargain

Clay + JQA worked together

1828

Jackson won → Common man democracy

1825

President

1817

US + Britain agree to demilitarize Great Lakes

1829

Patronage by Andrew Jackson

1829

Began in Jackson administration

Critics

Closed door sessions → Inappropriate influence

Delegates

Debate + create party platform to support & implement

1828

Formed in NY

1828

Tariff of Abominations (very high tariff)

1828

"South Carolina Exposition and Protest" (protested against Tariff of Abominations)

Henry Clay + Daniel Webster

Tried to recharter BUS early

Jackson

Bank is enemy of common man

1828

Influential in the Senate

1832

Restored 2-party system

Democrats

Andrew Jackson

Whigs

Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Abraham Lincoln

1854

Absorbed into Republican party

1830

Debates in the Senate

Northerners

Settlement in West → Less laborers

Robert Hayne

Lands should be for new slave territories

Daniel Webster

Land + tariff + slavery + states rights (divide nation)

1816

Proposed by Henry Clay

Slavery

Controversial issue + root of other issues

North + South + West

Different needs & goals + had supporters in Senate (Webster, Calhoun, Clay)

Andrew Jackson

Spoils system + use of veto + national nominating convention

Panics of 1819 and 1837

A wave of bankruptcies, bank failures, and bank runs; prices dropped and wide-scale urban unemployment began

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Gentlemen's Agreement

A personal agreement based on honor and not legally binding

Henry Clay

An American attorney and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives

Elections of 1824 and 1828

A crucial event in a period that saw the development of a two-party system akin to our modern system, presidential electioneering bearing a closer resemblance to modern political campaigning, and the strengthening of the power of the executive branch

Corrupt Bargain

Once in office, Adams installed Henry Clay to the post of Secretary of State. Adams's victory was a gut punch for Jackson, who expected to be elected President having more popular and electoral votes. Following this logic, Jackson and his followers accused Clay and Adams of striking a corrupt bargain.

John Quincy Adams

An American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829

Spoils System

The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Kitchen Cabinet

An inner circle of unofficial advisors to the head of a government

National Nominating Convention

A political convention held every four years in the United States by most of the political parties who will be fielding nominees in the upcoming U.S. presidential election

Nullification Crisis

A confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832–33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

John C. Calhoun

An American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina who held many important positions including being the seventh vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832, while adamantly defending slavery and protecting the interests of the white South

Martin Van Buren

An American lawyer and statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841

Force Bill

Authorized the president to use whatever force he deemed necessary to enforce federal tariffs

Gag Rule

A series of rules that forbade the raising, consideration, or discussion of slavery in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1836 to 1844

Bank War

A political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States during the presidency of Andrew Jackson

Daniel Webster

An American lawyer and statesman who represented New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the U.S. Congress and served as the U.S. Secretary of State

Whigs Vs. Democrats

The Whigs would continue to believe that the legislature should have the most power in government, while the Democrats would continue to support a strong executive

Webster-Hayne Debates

Senate debates between Whig Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Democrat Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina in January 1830

Clay's American System

Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture