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scientist-practitioner model
-"boulder model" -most commonly used -need for both research and client work
practitioner-scholar model
-"Vail model" -more focused on studying research papers instead of doing it yourself (and if done at all, very different type of research) -PsyD instead of PhD -lots of clinical work and class work
PsyD
-less research focused -more students -more broad instead of just clinical -lower GPA to get in higher cost -lower intership rates w less quality internship done
clinical-scientist model
Mcfall manifesto -research focused
clinical psychology
more severe patients, residential
counselling
outpatient, talk therapy
William Tuke
-British -housing for the mentally ill Yorke retreat -emphasized good interactions with staff
Phillipe Pinel
_French -moved montally ill out of literal dungeons -implemented treatment histories and note taking -classiifed illness
Eli Todd
1762-1832 A physician in Connecticut At the time, there were very few hospitals for the mentally ill Burden for their care fell on families Using Pinel's efforts as a model, he opened humane treatment centers in US
Dorothy Dix
Traveled state to state collecting data released a report on insanity and asylums; her protests resulted in improved conditions for the mentally ill.
Lightner Whitmer
-creation of "clinical psychology" -made the transition from academics only to an applied field
Emil Kraeplin
exogenous (external factors) vs endogenous (internal factors -father of diagnosing disorders -outdated terms like neurosis and psychosis
first DSM
-Published in 1952 -system used for categorizing mental disorders -had many inconsistencies -no baseline for disorders, people were diagnosing based on personal experience and knowledge
DSM- III
-published in 1980 -much more specific about disorders than previous editions -included a multiaxial system -diagnosis and general functioning scale -scales however were arbitrary
DSM-5
-published may 2013, current version used today -implemented a dimensional approach (ex: ASD)
Robert Spitzer
-made a lot of the diagnoses in the DSM -grouped things together based on experiences and his own intuition -his DSM was a good foundation for future diagnostic literature/research -final say in what was included in the DSM after 1970
Allen Francis
-Pro-science -chair of DSM-5 _Against the expansion of the DSM feels it gives pharmaceutical companies marketing if there are more disorders to medicate
reliability
consistency -measures the same way every time
validity
Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
test/retest reliability
consisent results from one trial to the next (like an IQ test)
interrater reliability
The amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior ex: When you evaluate a test, 3 scorers should have scored the same test similarly.
-split half reliability
one half of the measure is consistent with the other half
face validity
obvious what is being measured
types of diagnostic assessments
-full diagnostic assessment -structured diagnostic assessment -semi-structured interview
referral
-referral question (from concerned party, i.e. physician, self, parents etc.) -look at mental health concern vs physical concern -could be from a school to assess threat level -look at how to help
Intake Assessment
starting point: diagnosis and gathering info -ex: begin therapy and plan out treatment
diagnostic assessments
Given before learning experience, provide teachers with a baseline of students' skills. -full diagnosis
psychological evaluation
An assessment that helps determine whether candidates are emotionally stable, mature, sociable, independent, and able to function in stressful situations -ex: medicare eligibility eval, evaluation of threat risk, evaluation of mental state before getting surgery etc
clinical questions
-demographics -family/relationships -medical history substance use -developmental history -work/school -mental health history -orientation (knowledge of time, place setting: present in the moment) -strengths
interview types
structured, semi-structured, unstructured
intelligence testing
define things, blocks, analogies etc
achievement testing
math, reading writing skills -finds strengths and weaknesses
neuropsychological testing
check if the head is working how it's supposed to -used after concussions to find the impact of the situation
objective personality test
-straight up yes or no, or rating problems (scale of 1-10)
subjective personality test
example: Rorschach test
behavioral assessment
watching parent interact with child how often does parent touch child or positively reinforce child
analytical testing
-constructions of questions to try and assess skill/area -ex: on a scale of 1-10 how sad do you feel
empirical testing
groups responses to determine which items best distinguish that group -patterns of responses can be associated with different groups (ex: people with depression always chose this set of answers, people with personality disorders chose these etc)