Clinical psych 1

scientist-practitioner model

-"boulder model"
-most commonly used
-need for both research and client work

practitioner-scholar model

-"Vail model"
-more focused on studying research papers instead of doing it yourself (and if done at all, very different type of research)
-PsyD instead of PhD
-lots of clinical work and class work

PsyD

-less research focused
-more students
-more broad instead of just clinical
-lower GPA to get in
higher cost
-lower intership rates w less quality internship done

clinical-scientist model

Mcfall manifesto
-research focused

clinical psychology

more severe patients, residential

counselling

outpatient, talk therapy

William Tuke

-British
-housing for the mentally ill
Yorke retreat
-emphasized good interactions with staff

Phillipe Pinel

_French
-moved montally ill out of literal dungeons
-implemented treatment histories and note taking
-classiifed illness

Eli Todd

1762-1832
A physician in Connecticut
At the time, there were very few hospitals for the mentally ill
Burden for their care fell on families
Using Pinel's efforts as a model, he opened humane treatment centers in US

Dorothy Dix

Traveled state to state collecting data
released a report on insanity and asylums;
her protests resulted in improved conditions for the mentally ill.

Lightner Whitmer

-creation of "clinical psychology"
-made the transition from academics only to an applied field

Emil Kraeplin

exogenous (external factors) vs endogenous (internal factors
-father of diagnosing disorders
-outdated terms like neurosis and psychosis

first DSM

-Published in 1952
-system used for categorizing mental disorders
-had many inconsistencies
-no baseline for disorders, people were diagnosing based on personal experience and knowledge

DSM- III

-published in 1980
-much more specific about disorders than previous editions
-included a multiaxial system
-diagnosis and general functioning scale
-scales however were arbitrary

DSM-5

-published may 2013, current version used today
-implemented a dimensional approach (ex: ASD)

Robert Spitzer

-made a lot of the diagnoses in the DSM
-grouped things together based on experiences and his own intuition
-his DSM was a good foundation for future diagnostic literature/research
-final say in what was included in the DSM after 1970

Allen Francis

-Pro-science
-chair of DSM-5
_Against the expansion of the DSM
feels it gives pharmaceutical companies marketing if there are more disorders to medicate

reliability

consistency
-measures the same way every time

validity

Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

test/retest reliability

consisent results from one trial to the next (like an IQ test)

interrater reliability

The amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
ex: When you evaluate a test, 3 scorers should have scored the same test similarly.

-split half reliability

one half of the measure is consistent with the other half

face validity

obvious what is being measured

types of diagnostic assessments

-full diagnostic assessment
-structured diagnostic assessment
-semi-structured interview

referral

-referral question (from concerned party, i.e. physician, self, parents etc.)
-look at mental health concern vs physical concern
-could be from a school to assess threat level
-look at how to help

Intake Assessment

starting point: diagnosis and gathering info
-ex: begin therapy and plan out treatment

diagnostic assessments

Given before learning experience, provide teachers with a baseline of students' skills.
-full diagnosis

psychological evaluation

An assessment that helps determine whether candidates are emotionally stable, mature, sociable, independent, and able to function in stressful situations
-ex: medicare eligibility eval, evaluation of threat risk, evaluation of mental state before getting surgery etc

clinical questions

-demographics
-family/relationships
-medical history
substance use
-developmental history
-work/school
-mental health history
-orientation (knowledge of time, place setting: present in the moment)
-strengths

interview types

structured, semi-structured, unstructured

intelligence testing

define things, blocks, analogies etc

achievement testing

math, reading writing skills
-finds strengths and weaknesses

neuropsychological testing

check if the head is working how it's supposed to
-used after concussions to find the impact of the situation

objective personality test

-straight up yes or no, or rating problems (scale of 1-10)

subjective personality test

example: Rorschach test

behavioral assessment

watching parent interact with child
how often does parent touch child or positively reinforce child

analytical testing

-constructions of questions to try and assess skill/area
-ex: on a scale of 1-10 how sad do you feel

empirical testing

groups responses to determine which items best distinguish that group
-patterns of responses can be associated with different groups (ex: people with depression always chose this set of answers, people with personality disorders chose these etc)