Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Population Distribution

Pattern of humans spreading

Population Density

People per square mile/kilometer

Megacities

10 million+ city population

Metacitites

20 million+ city population

MDC

Countries with highly developed economies, industrialization, urbanization, advanced technological infrastructure, and high standards of living. Stages 4/5 DTM

NIC

LDCs with expanding industrial economies and a developing trade status in the global marketplace. Stage 3 DTM

LDC

A country at an early expanding stage in the process of economic development. Stage 2 DTM

Push Factors

Reasons to emigrate (economic troubles, overcrowding, poverty)

Pull Factors

Reasons to migrate (economic opportunity, jobs, land, cost of living, stability, freedom)

Forced Migration

Movers have no choice but to relocate (political instability, ethnic cleansing, natural disasters, slavery, trafficking)

Arithmetic Population Density

Total people / total land

Physiological Population Density

Total people / arable land

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of people an environment can support (increased due to technology and sustainability)

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Aging Population

% of 65+ is increasing. Governments need to find ways to look after the elderly. Stage 5 DTM

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

# of children a woman will have in her childbearing years. High in Stage 2 DTM due to lack of women education and rural

Dependency Ratio

# people who are too young/old to work, compared to # people in productive years (15-64)

2.1 Replacement Level

# children a woman must have to replace herself and her partner (.1 accounts for infant mortality). Found in Stage 4 DTM

J-curve

For 10,000 years CDR and CBR were high and equal and population was limited. Industrial revolution - population grew exponentially, CDR and CBR was reduced allowing for substantial population growth.

Potential Workforce

people ages 15-64 that are expected to be the society's labor force.

Baby Boom

Cohort of individuals born in US (1946-1964) after WWII in peace and prosperity. Better education and job opportunities caused high rates of marriage and fertility.

Baby Busters: "Generation X"

After the baby boom birth rates decrease until the children of baby boomers reach childbearing age.

echo (population pyramid)

When a country has a high number of baby boomers when they reach child bearing age you will see a bulge in the pyramid. Since it reflects an early boom it's called an echo. Ex: as of 2015 children in high school were the last of the echo cohorts and their parents were the last of the baby boomers.

CBR

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Crude Birth Rate

CDR

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Crude Death Rate

TFR

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Demographic Balancing Equation

The future population = current population + (number of births - number of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants).

Immigrants

People who have left the country of their birth to live in another country.

Emigrants

People who leave a country to live somewhere else.

life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Factors that increase life expectancy.

Mechanized food production, improved seeds, fertilizers, food security, sewer systems, fresh water and water waste systems, vaccines and access to medical care.

RNI

Rate of Natural Increase; (crude birth rate) - (crude death rate)

does not factor in emigration and/or immigration.

RNI= (CBR-CDR) / 10 add a percent sign. Currently CBR=~20, CDR=~8. Hence positive global population growth.

Population Doubling Time

The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of natural increase.

Shadow Economy

An informal economy in more developed countries that is not regulated by local government. Cash transaction, trading of services, because it is not regulated it cannot be directly taxed and typically this hiders and NIC from developing infrastructure at a faster rate.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. Stages 1-5. LDC=>NIC=>MDC.

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Stage 5 is potential epidemic and pandemic due to globalization.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply. Exponential Growth vs. Arithmetic Growth. Where the two lines cross is potential point of crisis.

Neo-Malthusian Theory

Revisions of Malthusian theory about food production and population growth that include more information, such as taking into account the effects of technology. However, population compromised due to environmental predicaments like drought, political predicaments like war and the exhaustion of non-renewable resources can all lead to point of crisis.

Boserup Theory (Esther Boserup)

When greater food production is needed, humans will find a way either through intensifying land use or developing new technology. Subsistence farmers want the most leisure time they can have, so they farm in ways that will allow them both to feed their families and to maximize free time.

Anti-Natalist Policy

A population policy designed to limit fertility through the use both of incentives and deterrents. China's former one-child policy and Kenya's 5 children to 3 children by 2030 are examples. +2.1 replacement, typically 4-5.

Pro-Natalist Policy

A population policy that aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives, sense of duty and nationalism. Countries in stage 5 employ these policies like that of Japan, France and Norway. China is projecting stage 5 and has implemented the 3-Child Policy. -2.1 replacement.

Aging Population Impact/Problems

Increased elderly care needs in healthcare.

Not enough young to look after them or to be party of the future workforce.

Migration Transition Model

Countries in stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. This overcrowding then is a push factor forcing migration to 4s and 5s. limits

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas. 4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). 5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. 6. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances. 7. Most migrants are adults. 8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. 9. Migration increases with economic development. 2. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city. Potentially from country to country too. Libya is a step to destinations in Europe.

Chain Migration

The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.

Return Migration

The likelihood that as many as 25% of all migrants will return to their place of origin (counter migration).

Rural to Urban Migration

Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area. It is predicted that 80% of a country's population will be living in urban centers by 2050.

Time-Distance Decay and Migration

Most people only travel short distances. Few people have the means to migrate long distances. Women typically do not migrate far away.

Counter Migration

Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction. Typically overpopulation can produce a counter migration. Overpopulation for those can be push factor.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate, political instability, ethnic cleansing, human trafficking are examples.

IDP

Internally displaced person, typically more vulnerable as they are unable to migrate further away from a conflict zone or a zone of which a natural disaster has occurred.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Transnational Migration

A form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit. Culturall syncretism can occur.

Guest Workers

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

Xenophobia

A fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers.

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people. The educated leave their country for another.

Brain Gain

A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration.

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

Ethnic Enclaves

Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic/cultural group. People are more likely to migrate to areas with lie cultures and ethnicities, China Town.

Demographic Momentum

This is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)

Average # of daughters that would be born to a woman/group of women during her lifetime following age specific fertility rates and mortality rates of a given year.