Canadian History Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards about key concepts discussed in the lecture.

What is Historical Significance?

Identifying events, people, or developments that had a lasting impact on society and shaped the world in meaningful ways.

What are Change and Continuity?

Examining what has changed and what has stayed the same over time, helping to understand historical trends and patterns.

What is Historical Perspective?

Understanding past events by considering the beliefs, values, and contexts of the time, avoiding present-day biases.

What are Cause and Consequences?

Analyzing the factors that led to historical events (causes) and their short- and long-term outcomes (consequences).

How to use Primary Sources?

Interpreting original materials (e.g., letters, diaries, photos) to gain firsthand insights into historical events, while critically evaluating their reliability and context.

What are Ethical Dimensions in History?

Considering the moral implications of historical actions and decisions, as well as our responsibility to learn from history and acknowledge injustices.

How did Indigenous people view the land?

View the land as sacred, interconnected with identity, culture, and spirituality, emphasizing stewardship and reciprocity.

How did Settlers view the land?

Treated land as property to be owned, exploited, and divided, often disregarding Indigenous relationships and displacing communities.

What did Indigenous peoples teach early settlers?

Taught survival and resource management to settlers.

What did early European immigrants contribute to Canada?

Contributed to agriculture, railways, and infrastructure, shaping Canada's cultural and economic landscape.

Who was John Ware?

A Black cowboy who moved to Alberta in the 1880s, a skilled rancher and innovator in cattle ranching, overcoming racial prejudice to become a respected figure in Canadian history.

What was the Komagata Maru incident?

Denied entry to Indian passengers due to restrictive laws requiring direct travel. The ship was forced to return, with passengers facing violence in India.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

Banned most Chinese immigration, reflecting systemic racism despite significant contributions like railway construction.

How did Canada's immigration policies change after WWII?

Admitted refugees and displaced persons after WWII, shifting from racial restrictions to rebuilding the nation and addressing labor shortages.

What is the Point System in Canadian immigration?

Introduced a merit-based immigration system, assessing skills, education, and language instead of race or origin, promoting fairness and diversity.

What is the Official Policy of Multiculturalism (1971) about?

Canada adopted multiculturalism to celebrate diversity, preserve cultural heritage, and ensure equal participation for all cultural groups.

What is the Multiculturalism Act of 1988?

Formalized multiculturalism into law, promoting cultural diversity, equality, and support for multicultural initiatives, making Canada a leader in inclusivity.

Who is a Settler?

A person who moves to a new region or country to live, often referring to non-Indigenous people who established colonies in lands traditionally occupied by Indigenous peoples.

Who are Indigenous peoples?

A collective term for the original peoples of a region and their descendants. In Canada, this includes First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples.

Who are First Nations?

Refers to Indigenous peoples in Canada who are neither Métis nor Inuit.

Who are the Métis?

Refers to people of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, particularly those who trace their heritage to the fur trade era in the Prairies.

Who are the Inuit?

Indigenous peoples of the Arctic regions of Canada, including Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and parts of Quebec and Labrador.

What were the effects of Colonization on Indigenous peoples?

European colonization displaced Indigenous peoples, disrupted traditional ways of life, and imposed systems of governance and land ownership.

What are Treaties?

Agreements between Indigenous nations and settlers meant to share land and resources, often misunderstood or misrepresented by settlers.

What are Wampum Belts?

Sacred beadwork used by Indigenous peoples to record treaties, agreements, and stories, symbolizing mutual respect and balance.

What is Reconciliation?

An ongoing process to address the harm caused by colonial policies, restore relationships, and promote Indigenous rights and sovereignty.

What was life like for Indigenous peoples in Canada before the settler population arrived?

Thrived in diverse nations with sophisticated governance, trade networks, languages, and cultural practices, maintaining deep spiritual connections to the land.

Who was Francis Pegahmagabow?

A highly decorated WWI sniper and scout, later an advocate for Indigenous rights.

What is the Indian Act?

A tool for the government to have power and control over Indigenous peoples through a bunch of restrictive laws.

What was the purpose of Residential Schools?

The goal of these schools was to "kill the Indian in the child" by removing children from their families and suppressing their culture.

What was the 60s Scoop?

Thousands of Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families by child welfare agencies and placed in non-Indigenous homes.

When did the End of World War 1 occur?

World War I ended on November 11, 1918, with the signing of an armistice between the Allies and Germany.

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

A peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, between the Allies and Germany to formally end WWI.

What was the Spanish Flu?

A global influenza pandemic that killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide, including approximately 50,000 Canadians.

What was the Labour Unrest?

Post-WWI Canada saw significant worker strikes and protests, driven by poor wages, unsafe working conditions, and economic inequality.