4.3 Consciousness

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44 Terms

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Consciousness

One's level of awareness of both the world and one's existence within the world.

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Alertness

State of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think. Higher cortisol levels.

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Reticular Formation

A neural structure located in the brainstem that communicates with the prefrontal cortex to keep the cortex awake.

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Beta Waves

Have a high frequency and occur when a person is alert or attending to a mental task. They occur when neurons are randomly firing.

<p>Have a high frequency and occur when a person is alert or attending to a mental task. They occur when neurons are randomly firing.</p>
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Alpha Waves

Occur when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed. They are somewhat slower than beta waves. They are more synchronized than beta waves.

<p>Occur when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed. They are somewhat slower than beta waves. They are more synchronized than beta waves.</p>
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Theta Waves

Seen during stage 1 and stage 2 sleep.

<p>Seen during stage 1 and stage 2 sleep.</p>
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Stage 1

Occurs as soon as you doze off and is characterized by theta waves.

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Stage 2

Occurs as you fall into a deeper sleep. EEG shows theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes.

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Sleep Spindle and K-Complex

Seen in stage 2 sleep when the person is relatively difficult to awaken.

<p>Seen in stage 2 sleep when the person is relatively difficult to awaken.</p>
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Sleep Spindle

Rapid bursts of high-frequency brain waves during stage 2 (N2) sleep that may help inhibit certain perceptions so we maintain a tranquil state during sleep. Sleep spindles in some parts of the brain are

associated with the ability to sleep through loud noises.

<p>Rapid bursts of high-frequency brain waves during stage 2 (N2) sleep that may help inhibit certain perceptions so we maintain a tranquil state during sleep. Sleep spindles in some parts of the brain are</p><p>associated with the ability to sleep through loud noises.</p>
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K-Complex

Seen in stage 2 (N2) to suppress cortical arousal and keep you asleep.

Also, help sleep-based memory consolidation. Even though they occur naturally, you can also make them occur by gently touching someone sleeping. "that touch was not threatening, stay asleep brain"

<p>Seen in stage 2 (N2) to suppress cortical arousal and keep you asleep.</p><p>Also, help sleep-based memory consolidation. Even though they occur naturally, you can also make them occur by gently touching someone sleeping. "that touch was not threatening, stay asleep brain"</p>
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Sleep-Based Memory Consolidation

Some memories are transferred to long term memory during sleep, particularly declarative/explicit memories.

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Declarative and Explicit

The types of memories that are stored in long-term memory during sleep.

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Stages 3 and 4

Slow-wave sleep. EEG grows progressively slower until only a few sleep waves per second.

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Delta Waves

Seen during slow-wave sleep in stages 3 and 4.

<p>Seen during slow-wave sleep in stages 3 and 4.</p>
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Non-Rapid Eye Movement

Stages 1 through 4.

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Rapid Eye Movement

Interspersed between cycles of the NREM sleep stages. In this stage, arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but the muscles are paralyzed.

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Sleep Cycle

Refers to a single complete progression through the sleep stages.

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Circadian Rhythm Hormones

Cortisol and melatonin.

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Melatonin

Secreted by the pineal gland.

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Cortisol

Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, related to the sleep-wake cycle. Contributes to wakefulness.

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Corticotropin Releasing Factor

Secreted by the hypothalamus to trigger the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to increased levels of CRF. Its secretion leads to the release of cortisol.

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Dreaming

75% occurs during REM.

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Activation-Synthesis Theory

Dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry. This activation can mimic incoming sensory information, and may also contain pieces of stored memory.

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Problem-Solving Dream Theory

Dreams are a way to solve problems while you sleep.

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Cognitive Process Dream Theory

Dreams contain random thoughts or sequences of thoughts during sleep.

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Neurocognitive Models of Dreaming

Seek to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective and cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes.

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Sleep Disorders

Disorders that disrupt the sleep cycle of a person. Frequently they occur during NREM sleep.

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Dyssomnias

A group of sleep disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep or avoid sleep. Examples include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.

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Parasomnias

A group of sleep disorders that include abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep. Examples include night terrors, and sleepwalking.

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Insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep.

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Narcolepsy

Uncontrolled falling asleep.

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Cataplexy

A loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours. Usually caused by an emotional trigger.

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Sleep Paralysis

A sensation of being unable to move despite being awake.

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Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations

Hallucinations when falling asleep or awakening.

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Sleep Apnea

Inability to breathe while sleeping.

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Night Terrors

Periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow-wave sleep.

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Somnambulism

Sleepwalking. Usually occurs during slow-wave sleep in N3 and N4.

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Sleep Deprivation

Results in irritability, mood disturbances, decreased performance and slowed reaction time.

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REM Rebound

When people are recovering from sleep deprivation, they show a greater duration of REM sleep than normal.

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Hypnosis

When a person appears to be conscious and in control, but they are in a highly suggestible state.

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Hypnotic Induction

Beginning of hypnosis in which the hypnotist seeks to relax the subject and increase the subject's level of concentration.

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Meditation

Involves the quieting of the mind and relaxing.