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Chemosensation
chemoreceptors: respond to chemical stimuli
taste/gustation
smell/oflaction
Taste bud
comprised of 50-100 specialized epithelial cells called TASTE CELLS that undergo APS and synapse with sensory neurons
taste cells → transduce chemicals
Salty
Na+ through ion channel → depolarization → opens Ca2+ channels → neurotransmitter released → sensory neuron stimulated
Sour
H+ through ion channel (and other effects) → opens Ca2+ channels → neurotransmitter released → sensory neuron stimulated
Sweet + Umami
binds to membrane receptors for sweet + umami → sugar or amino acids → G-protein → second messenger → Close K+ channels → depolarization → NT → sensory neuron stimulated
Bitter
Binds to membrane receptor → Quinine → G-proteins → second messenger → Ca2+ released from endoplasmic → NT → sensory neuron activated
Olfaction Process
Odorants → stimulate olfactory sensory neurons (bipolar) by binding to membrane receptors (proteins in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons)
axons of sensory neurons synapse onto olfactory bulb of brain
olfactory tract (grouping of axons) carries AFFERENT information from bulb to other brain areas for perception to occur
10,000 odors are coded by variations in binding of odorants to 380 different membrane receptors → unique patterns of activity that brain interprets to perceive an odor