Human Bio Midterm 2024

Cell

Cell

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.

Ex: Blood cells

Tissue

A group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit.

Ex: Connective Tissue

Organ

A collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function.

Ex: Heart

Organ System

A group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function.

Ex: Respiratory

Organism

Something having many related parts that function together as a whole.

Ex: Humans

Simple Squamous

Structure: Single layer of flat cells

Location: Gas exchange surfaces in lungs, blood permeability vessels, and portions of kidney tubes.

Function: Decreases friction and controls vessel permeability

Simple Columnar

Structure: Single layer of cells that are taller than wide

Location: Lining of stomach, intestine, gall bladder, fallopian tubes connecting ducts in kidney

Function: Protection, absorption, and secretion

Simple Cuboidal

Structure: Single layer of cube shaped cells.

Location: Glands and ducts

Function: Secretion

Pseudo-stratified Columnar

Structure: Appear stratified, nuclei of cells at different levels, and all cells contact the basement membrane.

Location: Lining of nasal passages, lining of bronchi, and lining of trachea

Function: Protection and Secretion

Stratified Squamous

Structure: Several layers of cells, cells at surface level are flat, but cells near basement are cuboidal.

Location: Lining of mouth, lining of throat, lining of anus, lining of rectum, lining of anus, and lining of vagina

Function: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attacks

Stratified Columnar

Structure: Several layers of cells, cells are surface are column shaped, and cells that are closest to basement membrane are cuboidal

Location: Male uretha, vas deferens, and parts of pharyx

Function: Secretion and protection

Stratified Cuboidal

Structure: Several layers of cubiodial cells and the cells are the surface are cube-shaped.

Location: Lines the ducts of the mammary glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

Function: Secretion

Transitional

Structure: Seems to have many layers, layered appearance can result in overcrowding, and outermost cells appear rounded or cuboid.

Location: Urinary bladder

Function: Stretches and permits expansion and recoil after stretching.

Connective tissue general functions

Support and protection

Transportation of materials

Store energy

Defense against pathogens

Connective tissue general characteristics

Deep tissues

Never exposed to environment

3 basic components

• Specialized cells

• Fibers

• Ground substance

Connective Tissue Proper

Many types of cells and fibers. Ground substance is syrupy.

Examples:

• Loose (areolar)

• Adipose (fat)

• Dense

Fluid Connective Tissues

Distinctive population of cells. Ground substance is watery.

Examples:

• Blood

• Lymph

Supporting Connective Tissue

Less diverse population of cells

Ground substance:

• Soft and rubbery

  or

• Solid and crystalline

Examples:

• Cartilage

• Bone

Big 4 - Epithelial Tissue

This tissue acts as a covering controlling the movement of materials across the surface.

Big 4 - Connective Tissue

This tissue integrates the various parts of the body and provides support and protection to organs.

Big 4 - Muscle Tissue

This tissue allows the body to move.

Big 4 - Nervous Tissue

This tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

In this picture, what is A?

Epithelial Cells

In this picture, what is B?

Basement Membrane

In this picture, what is C?

Connective Tissue

Epithelial Tissue Functions

Protection, permeability control, secretion protection (enzymes, mucus, and hormones), and absorption

Structure, Protection, Shape, and Movement (Functions of a Skeleton)

Muscle pulls on a bone and creates stress on a bone

Storage of Minerals (Functions of a Skeleton)

Calcium and Phosphorus

If the body can’t get enough calcium from nutrition, osteoclasts will break down the bone to obtain the minerals.

Bones produce __________ in bone marrow

Red and white blood cells

Anatomical Position

Facing frontwards

Palms up

Feet forward

Core Terms

Anterior, Posterior, Superior, and Interior

Limb Terms

Medial, Lateral, Distal, and Proximal

Anterior

Front portion

Ex: Clavicle to scapula

Posterior

Back of body

Ex: Scapula to clavicle

Superior

Above

Ex: Sacrum to coccyx

Inferior

Below

Ex: Coccyx to sacrum

Medial

Closer to the middle of the body (midline)

Ex: Torso to arms

Lateral

Further away from midline

Ex: Arms to torso

Distal

Furthest from trunk or core

Proximal

Closer to trunk or point of attachment

Osteology

The study of bones

Osteoporosis

Process is which bones become weak

Cleft Palate

The roof of the mouth doesn’t connect (a hole) forms a gap or cleft

Spina Bifida

Spinal cord end forms a ball on the outside of the skin.

Osteoma

Bone tumor attached to bone

Arthritis

Joint inflammation

Osteoarthritis

Most common form of arthritis, wear and tear after repetitive motions

Post-traumatic Arthritis

Occurs due to an injury of a joint, common after sports injuries

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune disease where the synovial joint gets thickened, leaving thick scales and deposits

Acromegaly

Bones are longer than usual, long fingers, long face, very tall, “Abe Lincoln disease”

Scoliosis

When back curves to one side or the other

Kyphosis

“Hunch back,” an increased curve from front to back

Lordosis

Increases curve from back to front, stomach sticks out

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell

Osteoblast

Bone-forming cells

Osteoclasts

Resorb or break down bone

Axial Skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

Appendiclar Skeleton

Shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet

Flat bones

Thin, flat, and broad

Ex: Cranial bones

Short bones

Width and length of bone are about the same

Ex: Carpals and tarsals

Irregular bones

Irregular shape that doesn’t fit into another category

Ex: Vertebrae, all facial bones

Sesamoid bone

A bone that is found inside a tendon.  This is where a tendon passes over the joint.

Long bones

Longer than wide

Ex: Humerus, phalanges

Shaft/Diaphysis (long bones)

Where red and white blood cells are made

Epiphysis (long bones)

Found at the two ends of the bone

Long Bone Components - Spongy

Contains holes, porous

Epiphysis

Long Bone Components - Compact

No space between the cells, solid

Shaft/Diaphysis

Bone Marrow Location

Middle of long bones

Joints

The meeting place between bones

Synarthrosis Joints

Movement: Non-moveable

Structural Category: Fibrous Joints

Ex: Sutures of skull

Amphiarthrosis Joints

Movement: Slightly moveable

Structural Category: Cartilaginous

Ex: Tibia and pubic bone

Dlathrosis Joints

Movement: Freely moveable

Structural Category: Synovial

Ex: Shoulders, hips, and knees

Flexion

Decreasing the angle at a joint.

Extension

Increasing the angle at a joint.

Hyperextension

Overly increasing the angle at a joint

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the body

Adduction

Movement of limb back to the body

Cirumduction

Movement of a limb in a circular motion

Hinge Joints

Movement in one plane only

Ex: Elbows and Phalanges

Pivot Joints

Allows for rotation

Ex: Radius rotates with ulna

Saddle Joints

Allows for sliding/gliding movements. Articulating surfaces have both convex and concave surfaces.

Ex: Allows you to twiddle your thumbs

Ball and Socket Joints

Head of one bone articulates with cavity of another. Movements in all planes and rotation. Allows bone to rotate on axis.