biology saat ch1: introduction to biology

biology

the study of the origin of life and living organisms and their morphology, physiology, anatomy, and behavior

growth

increase in size and/or cell size

stimulus

change in the environment that triggers a response

response

the reaction to the change in the environment

levels of organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

cell

basic functional unit of life

tissue

group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

organ

group of tissues that work together to form a specific function

organ system

group of organs that serve a specific function/functions

living organism

organism that has an organized structure and can adapt, reproduce, respond, grow, and maintain homeostasis

study of the origin and history of life, as well as the structure of organisms, their roles, and how they interact with one another

biology

biologists contribute to biology in 5 ways

species identification and classification

disease research

technological development

agricultural enhancement

environmental protection

biologists study various———to understand and describe their characteristics

species

among the first scientists to proved detailed botanical explanation and descriptions

ibn sina

in disease research, biologists investigate diseases, including their (3)

transmission, prevention, and treatment

author of kitab al mughni fi al adwiyah al mudradah

ibn baytar

the first islamic scholar to describe smallpox and meases, as well as the author of kitab al judari wal hasbah

examples of technological advancements (5)

computers

blood transfusion

blood blanks

plasmapheresis

prosthetic limbs

the american surgeon who pioneered methods of plasma separation, storage, and transfusion

dr charles r drew

plants can be made resistant to pests, diseases, and harsh conditions through

genetic engineering

through genetic eng, crop yields

increase

biologists study the reproductive patterns of ———-to support conservation efforts

endangered species

examples of environmental protection are the (2)

ibex reserve

mahazat as-sayd

organisms based on their cells can be

unicellular or multicellular

unicellular organisms + example

have a single cell

such as bacteria and paramecium

multicellular organism + example

made up of more than one cell

animals

plants

humans

organization in unicellular org

atoms → molecules → cell

organization in multicellular org

cell → tissues → organ → organ system → organ system

growth in uni and multicellular organisms is

increase in cell size

increase in size/number of cells

reproduction

a biological process that aims to maintain the continuity of a species

species

similarly related organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring

nutrition provides

the energy required for organisms to perform their life functions such as growth, repair, and maintenance of homeostasis

plants nutrition is

autotrophic, make their own food through photosynthesis

animals nutrition is

heterotrophic, depend on organisms for their own food

homeostasis

maintenance of internal stable conditions

example of homeostasis in humans

sweating

examples of stimulus and response

gazelle running from a lion

phototropism in plants

venus flytrap catching its prey

shark swimming towards blood in the ocean

adaptation

genetic or heritable traits, an evolutionary process in which organisms develop traits and behaviors for their survival

adaptations are changes that are both

genetic and heritable

examples of homeostasis in desert plants

plants shedding their leaves in the hot weather to minimize water loss

when conducting research, scientists follow a systematic approach called the

scientific method

5 steps of the scientific method in biology

asking a question

formulating a hypothesis

data collection

data analysis

conclusion

asking a question is based on

observation in the natural world to gain data

hypothesis

a testable explanation about findings in the natural world

scientists gather information related to the

hypothesis/ variable being tested

experiments

trials to prove the validity of the experiment

groups in an experiment are

control and experimental group

control group

group that is untouched, not experimented on. this is used mainly for comparison

experimental group

the group that is tested on

types of variables

dependent and independent

independent variables

ones that do not change, manipulated by the scientist

dependent variables

result or outcome that is measured and is affected by the independent variable

types of data

qualitative and quantitative

quantitative data + examples

numerical.

such as height, mass, volume

qualitative data + examples

based on type/description

such as color, texture, and sound

collected data is analyzed to determine whether it

supports or rejects the hypothesis

conclusion

a summary of the data concluded by the hypothesis and it states whether the hypothesis is supported or not

before a research is published, it undergoes

peer review

peer review is a process where

the conclusion is reviewed by another team of scientists to ensure its validity

peer review ensures that the methodology is ———-, the conclusion is ——— and that the results are ————

correct, supported by the data, reliable and reproductible

scientific theory is a well substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that is based largely on

evidence gathered through repeated experiments and observations

the cell theory states that

all organisms are made up of cells

the theory of evolution by natural selection states that

all organisms undergo evolution and only selected ones are able to survive in the world

in science, theory is a

a trusted and excellent explanation

characteristics of experimental science are evidence based, meaning it relies on

observations and measurable evidence

the evidence found in science is the basis for developing ———-, drawing —————. and formulating ————

new questions, drawing conclusions, and formulating hypothesis and scientific conclusions

scientific research allows for the discovery of

new phenomena and information

each new finding in science leads to

new questions, broadening the scope of scientific questioning and deepening our understanding of scientific phenomena

observations and collected data helps scientists ask

new and meaningful questions

science is a dynamic process where well accepted theories are open to

discussion and experiments

scientists are encouraged to——existing ideas, leading to deeper understanding

challenge

some examples of theories that arose from collaborative research and critical evaluation are

tested and challenged, leading to deeper understanding

after collecting and analyzing data, scientists evaluate whether the results

support or refute the hyporthesis

metric system

a system used for measurments

metric system ensures

consistency and comparability of data