HDFS 1610 Exam 1 Mizzou

Interdependence

the extent to which partners influence each other's attitudes and behaviors

attachment style

one way that researchers explain how early relational experiences impact future intimate ties, developed by Bowlby

Secure attachment style

An attachment style with low anxiety and low avoidance. Relationships characterized by relaxed trust

Preoccupied attachment style

Attachment style with low avoidance of intimacy and high anxiety about avoidance. Nervously seek approval and fixate on relationships

Dismissing attachment style

An attachment style with high avoidance of intimacy and low anxiety about avoidance. Avoid intimacy due to fear of rejection

Fearful attachment style

Attachment style with high avoidance of intimacy and high in anxiety about abandonment. Reject intimacy; afraid of rejection

Mutuality

refers to individuals identifying themselves as part of a couple.

Convenience sample

A sample which consists of members of a population that are easily accessed.

Representative sample

A sample that reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn

Cross sectional design

Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

Longitudinal design

Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

intimacy

significant emotional closeness experienced in a relationship. Relationships with this usually include knowledge, caring, interdependence, mutuality, trust & commitment

gender roles

specific responsibilities that are ascribed to men and women in our culture.

avoidant

Children typically develop this attachment style if they did not form trusting relationships early on and could not rely on others. Later turns into fearful.

anxious-ambivalent

Children typically develop this attachment style if they received mixed signals from caregivers, are uncertain if their provider will take care of them. Later turns into preoccupied

androgynous

having both male and female characteristics

need to belong

Human's basic need for closeness to other human beings. This closeness must be consistent, warm and positive.

sex

being physically male or female based on genitals and secondary characteristics

gender

the expectations we have for how women and men are supposed to be

research question

Questions that seek to describe events or delineate causal connections among variables. Can range from theoretical predictions to personal experience.

Qualitative research

Data typically includes interviews and observations. Less structured and more exploratory.

Quantitative research

Data that relies on numbers. Pretty structured, same procedure used with each participant

Retrospective design

Research designs when researchers look back in time to determine possible causal factor

Correlational design

Determines whether two things are related

population of interest

The entire group of individuals about whom we desire to collect information

sample

The actual people included in a study

proximity, mere exposure and rewards

What attributes facilitate attraction?

good hip to waist ratio, symmetrical faces,

What are some attraction universals?

Confirmation bias

seeking information that will prove one's first impressions right and disregard information that proves those impressions wrong

stereotyping

a process by which we categorize people into groups based on superficial characteristics. Assumptions we make about people based on what we can observe about them.

primacy

A psychological principle that suggests that the first information we learn about someone is the most important because it forms a filter through which we evaluate everything else we learn about a person.

attributions

Explanations of our partners' behavior. These are influenced by our general sentiments about the relationship

Great relationship

Positive expectations + high-level relationship skills

Disillusionment

Positive expectations + low-level relationship skills

Dissatisfaction

Negative expectations + high-level relationship skills

Content, not happy

Negative expectations + low-level relationship skills

Participant attrition

Participants drop out of study or move away/no longer participate

Laboratory setting

any space that allows researchers to control for all variables in the environment. Researchers can be sure all participants get the same controlled experience

Naturalistic setting

when participants are studied in environments in which they work, live, spend leisure time. Participants are more likely to behave normally here

Social cognition

the process by which we make quick and lasting judgments about our social environment. Combination of processes, including stereotyping, first impressions, confirmation bias, and primacy,

Marriage rate overall

has declined

Cohabitation has greatly

increased

Average Age at Marriage is

increasing

divorce has remained

relatively stable

potential partner's desirability

his/her physical attractiveness X his/her probability of accepting you

mate value

our overall attractiveness as reproductive partners

ideal waist to hip ratio (women)

0.7

ideal waist to hip ratio (men)

0.9

physical attractiveness

bigger effect on social lives of men than it does on women

matching

romantic relationships tend to have similar levels of physical attractiveness

long-term relationship

women and men want warmth and loyalty

short-term relationship

Both sexes are less picky

first impressions

very influential

stereotypes

Influence us automatically

over confident

thinking that we're more accurate than we really are and making more mistakes than we realize

positive illusions

portray partners in best possible light

actor-observer bias

Generate different explanations for their own behavior than they do for the similar things they see their partners do

self-serving bias

Which they readily take credit for their successes but try to avoid the blame for their failures

Reconstructive memory

our memories are continually revised and rewritten as new information is obtained

Romanticism

the view that love should be the most important basis for choosing a mate

high romanticism

1) each of us has only one perfect, "true" love 2) true love will find a way to overcome any obstacle 3) love at first sight is possible

destiny beliefs

assume that two people are either well-suited for each other and destined to live happily ever after, or they're not

growth beliefs

good relationships are believed to develop gradually as the partners work at surmounting challenges and overcoming obstacles, and a basic presumption is that with enough effort, almost any relationship can succeed

self-fulfilling prophecies

which are false predictions that become true because they lead people to behave in ways that make erroneous expectations come true

perceiver forms

predicts how the "target" will behave

self-concept

encompass all of the beliefs and feelings we have about ourselves

self-enchancement

the desire for positive, complimentary feedback

self-verification

the desire for feedback that is consistent with one's existing self-concept

impression management

Influence the impressions of us that others form

Ingratiation

When we seek acceptance and liking from others

self-promotion

Recounting our accomplishments or strategically arranging public demonstrations of our skills

interpersonal gap

sender's intentions differ from the effect on the receiver