Exam 4 Help me

Group

A collection of indivduals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant

social facilitation

enhancement of performance by the presence of others, effect postive or negative of the presence of others on preformance

Being around others makes easy tasks easier and hard tasks harder

Domiant respons

in a person hiearchy of possible reasonses in any context, the respons that person is most likly to make

Mere-presence explanation (zajonc) ( social facilitation)

Presence of others increases arousal

Arousal increases behavior that is well known

tends to facilitate perfromance on simple or well learned tasks, but it hinders perfromance on difficult or novel tasks

Evolution Apprehension (social facilitation) (zajonc)

A concern about how people might appear or be evaluated in the eyes of others which increase arousal

Distraction-conflict explanation ( social facilitation)

the presence of others creates a conflict between focusing in the task and focusing in the other peolpe present

social loafing

The tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contrbutions cannot be monitored

Why does social loafing happen?

lack of individual accountability

diffusion of responsibility

How do groups influence behavior?

Deinividuation

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity difffused responsibilty. this behavior would not be the persons typical behavior

Groupthink

Whe the group prioitizes harmony and comformity so much that they suppress their own doubts to agree with everyone else, leading to porr decisions

stmptoms and sources of groupthink

when their is a strong leader of the group that prevent others from coming foward with dissenting ideas anf assessments fro coming foward with dissenting veiwpoints .

how to prevent group think?

group leaders should refrian from making their opoions or prefernces known at the beggining

There should be a devils advocate, point oyt weaknesses

group ploarization

people become more personally invested in their postions then they move twards the more extrem versions of initial postitons to defend self image

risky shift

the tendency for a group to make decisions tht are riskier then the decisions indivduals would make on their own

Social conparison

Is a concept that explains how peolpe evaluate their own abilities, opions and accoplisments by comparing themselves to others

Persuasice argument

group decsion making that poposes group polarzation happnes becasue member are exposed to and interalized more and more to arguments supporting a pre- existing but perviously average postion

Subjective assessments of risj that can lead to diffrent judgemets and action within group, influenced by indidual values, experineces and biases, rather then objective reality

Spotlight effect

peoples conviction that other peolpe are paying attention to their appearance and be havior more then this actually that case

suicide baiting

in an episode where a person threaten to jump from a bulding or bridge crowds can sometimes engage baiting or encurageing the person to jump

Role of self- awareness

enabls individuals to understand their own emtions, stregths and weaknesses, wich improves descion making realtionships and leadership

Social Rejection

being ortracized and/ or rejected by other s

Ostracism

the ignoring and excluding of indivduals or groups by another individual or group

not talking to some

does not need rejection

Exclusion

being kept apart from others

trying to get into a club could be dress code or id

rejection

an explicit declaration that and individual or group is not wanted

absence of attention

rejection is threatening

By rejecting this person you are deninf them safty securit and support that come with the socity. by losing the accese to this resousece is threatedn out happiness and well being.

how does rejection affect us

it affect us both physilogicaly and psychologically

Physiological responses to social rejection

soe increase in blood pressure

increase in cortisol (stress hormone)

increased activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

we take rejection so hard that is activate that part of our brain

Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

part of the brain implicated in the experience of pain

psychological response- effect mood

increses in feelings of sadness, anger and distress

anger asociated with subsequent antisocial behavior

psychological response- dosent effect mood

there is no change in mood or metional state following rejection

we do not feel anything

psychological response- sensitivity increased social rejection

incresed sensitivity to physical pain

increased interpersonal perception

psychological response- sensitivity decresed social rejection

some research finds people are less sensitive to physical pain

reduction in affective forecasting

decrease in empathy and self awareness

affective forecasting

how bad you feel and for how long

increased interpersonal perception- Berstein, young, brown, sacco and claypool 2008

that the ability to tell who is being sincere and who is fakeing it becomes more important under social rejection.

participent that where not included were better at telling aprt real or fake smiles

Duchenne smiles

real smiles, respons to a pleasant stimulus

non-duchenna smiles

fake similes attempt to mask negative emtion

rejection leads to a sensitivty threat

who is faking it

rejection lead to an incresed desire fo affiliation

who will accept us and whos not

why the conflicting findings

the immediacy of the rejection

the right now vs eventually

the severity of the rejection

minor rejection vs major rejection

behavioral response to social rejection- Affiliation

affiliation- most common response

especially for people with strong need to belong

behavioral response to social rejection - Recovery

general disengagement from effortful tasks before affilation

some go back right away and other take time first

behavioral response to social rejection- aggression

more likly for people low in slef esteem or afte sudden rejection

behavioral response to social rejection- Aviodance

total rejection of social interaction, least common overall

what is agression?

any form of behavior that is intented to harm injure or damage another living thing yourself or and object

agression requiers

harm- if hurting someone is not the main point of the action it is no agression

What are the two types of agression?

instrumental and hostile

instrumental aggression

use of harm ( or the threat of harm) to achieve a goal

agression for the purpose of hurting somone else

hostile aggression

use of harm to casue injury or death to the victim

agression for the purpose of hruting somoene else

how to tell what type of aggresion is being used

Can start off hostile & have instrumental outcomes

• Hitting a kid and then realizing you can take their toy

• Can start off instrumental & become hostile over time

• Prolonged exposure to warfare

• The My Lai massacre

potential moderators of aggresion- gender men

men are more likely to enage in physical aggression

declins with age

men an woman equal in verbal aggresion

potential moderators of aggresion- gender women

women are more likely to engage in relationa agression

also called indirect aggresion

dose not decline with age

Potential moderators of aggression

Ingroup/outgroup status/ Dehumanization

Dehumanization

Excluding an outgroup from the norms and values governing conduct toward other human beings

the attribution of nonhuman characteristics to other people

• Extreme outcome of intergroup conflict

• Used as a way to rationalize genocide

Where does agression come from

Evolutionary, cognitive, physiological and situational/cultural explanations

Where does agression come from - social learning

appropiate social behavior is learned through observation

Bandura bobo doll study

to show that children learn agressive hbehaviors through observation

Anderson and Bushman- does violent content make us more violent

yes, high video game is sginiicantly associted with heightened aggression

prosocial (helping behavior decreased

agression weather

when is was hotter outside the rate for vilance incresed

they heat makes you uncomfortabel with then increse you arousl which makes you more agressive

Meadia Violance

it does make people more agressive

but crime rates did go down when movies came becasue they peolpe that are violent where drawn to the violent movie and not doing bad things

Violent Videio games

(1) increase aggressive behavior, such as giving more intense punishment to confederates in a study;

(2) reduce prosocial behavior;

(3) increase aggressive thoughts, such as that the world is a hostile place or that some people are deserving of aggression;

(4) increase aggressive emotions, especially anger; and

(5) increase blood pressure and heart rate, two physiological responses associated with aggression.

social rejection 

increases the likelihood of rejection, people who reports chronic sense of social rejection are more likely to be agressive 

income inequality

The more income inequality within area the more violent it is

Anger

once angry people are more likely to think things are unfair, to perceive other as having more combative intentions and imagine ways of inflicting harm

Distancing

when you distance your self from the situation that brought you anger you can look at from a calm pov and think rationally about it

Social reward

being esteemed and valued by others in the from of praise, an award, or recognition, for example in the mass media or social media

people might choose the more liked option when it comes to good so then can be socially rewarded for it, this would hinder their desire for luxery goods. this could also induce competition with other to be the most socially excepted

personal distress

people are motivated to help people in need in order to reduce their own stress

empathic concern 

the feeling people experience when identifying with some in need accompanied by the intention to enhance the other persons welfare 

Situational Determinants of altruism

depending on the situation and how many people are present depends on how many people will help this person in need

bystander effect

diffusion of responsibility

Construal processes in altruism

people are more likely to help if then know the full extent of the situation or you target them for help

Culture and Altruism

people are more likely to be helped in rural communities than urban ones

in a urban area there is so much going on that people are less likely to register you

you would more likely see someone like you in a rural area then urban so you would help them

diffusion of responsibility

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior that is carried out to benefit another person

intent is critical

must intended to help the other person by doing it

must preform behavior of own freewill

What are the two types of prosocial behavior 

egotistical help and altruistic help 

Egotistic help

helping in exchange for something in return- when there is something in for you ahead of time

Alturistic help 

helping with out expecting anything back 

Darly and latane 1998 study

participant where put in groups some alone and other in groups from 2-6. they played a recording of someone asking for help. they tested to see how long it for each group to go and get help. The more people in the room the longer it took for someone to get help for the person in need.

when do we help ourselves 

participant where out in a room to do a survay some alone and some with two others when the smoke started rolling in the room the other two peolpe did not do nothing as prompted. The person in the room with the two other people it took them longer to get help or did not get help at all while the person alone get help faster.

Audience inhibition effect

the reluctance of individuals to act in a prosocial manner, like helping someone, because they are in front of others and fear being judged, criticized, or embarrassed.

information dependence

when the situation is ambiguous we look at other to help us define it

less ambiguous= less likely to help

outcome dependence 

potential emberassment, danger to the self, and legal complications

less inhibition around friends then strangers 

what are the two possible reasons we help people

empathy- feeling of compassion for someone else situation

personal- distress anxeity and fear helplessness

equality and recipracy

people want to maintain balance between what has been given and recived

less likely to accept when you now you cant give back

self-esteem

accepting help can threaten self esteem

Athority oriented help

you do not give them what they need outright but give them suggestions on what they can do to fix their problem