Nueroanatomy Concepts

Which structures are lateral to the pyramids on the medulla?

Olives

Which artery connects posterior to anterior circulation?

Posterior communicating artery

Which arteries are connected by the anterior communicating artery

Anterior cerebral arteries

What structure forms when dorsal and ventral roots join?

Spinal nerve

Which spinal cord enlargement supplies the upper limbs?

Cervical enlargement

The precentral gyrus contains the

Primary motor cortex

The post central gyrus contains the

Primary somatosensory cortex

The occipital pole contains the

Primary visual cortex

The posterior cerebral artery supplies the

Occipital and inferior temporal lobes

Which enlargement supplies the lower limbs?

Lumbosacral enlargement

Which horn is present only in thoracic segments?

Lateral horn

What structure lies lateral to the pyramids?

Olive

Where does pyramidal decussation occur?

Caudal medulla

What structure connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?

Infundibulum (tuber cinereum)

What paired round structures are posterior to the infundibulum?

Mammillary bodies

What connects left and right anterior cerebral arteries?

Anterior communicating artery

Which artery is excluded from the Circle of Willis?

Middle cerebral artery

What connects the internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery?

Posterior communicating artery

What completes posterior circulation before the circle of Willis?

Basilar artery dividing into posterior cerebral arteries

The pons is supplied by

The basilar artery

The middle cerebral artery supplies the

Lateral brain

What midline cerebellar structure connects the hemispheres?

Vermis

What are the two layers of dura mater?

Periosteal layer and meningeal layer

Which dura layer contacts the skull?

Periosteal layer

Which Duran layer contacts the brain

Meningeal layer

What venous sinus forms between dural layers at the midline?

Superior sagittal sinus

What dural fold separates the cerebral hemispheres?

Falx cerebri

What dural fold separates cerebrum from cerebellum?

Tentorium cerebelli

Where is cerebrospinal fluid absorbed into venous blood?

Arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus

Which insular gyri are shorter and more numerous?

Short gyri

Which spinal cord regions lack lateral horns

Cervical and lumbar regions

Which cerebellar structure is hidden by the pons?

Flocculonodular lobe

Which dura layer contacts the skull?

Periosteal layer

What dural fold separates cerebrum from cerebellum?

Tentorium cerebelli

Where is cerebrospinal fluid absorbed into venous blood?

Arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus

Are dura and arachnoid attached everywhere?

No—except at arachnoid granulations

What sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes?

Central sulcus

What sulcus forms the superior boundary of the temporal lobe?

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

What sulcus forms the superior boundary of the temporal lobe?

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

Which gyrus is anterior to the central sulcus?

Pre central gyrus

Which gyrus is important in face recognition?

Fusiform

Name the three frontal gyri (superior to inferior).

Superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus

What sulci separate the frontal gyri

Superior frontal sulcus, inferior frontal sulcus

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Superior temporal gyrus

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

Posterior superior temporal gyrus

What parietal gyrus is involved in language and reading

Angular gyrus

What gyri project from the superior temporal gyrus into the insula?

Transverse temporal gyri

What are the two types of insular gyri?

Short and long gyri

Which insular gyri are shorter and more numerous

Short gyri

What is cranial nerve II composed of anatomically?

Axons connecting the retina to the optic chiasm and optic tract.

What structure marks the transition from optic nerve to optic tract?

Optic chiasm.

What makes cranial nerve 4 unique in its brain entry?

It enters from the posterior and superior aspect of the brain

Which cranial nerve lies adjacent to the facial nerve on the ventral surface?

Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

Which structure anchors the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater?

Denticulate ligaments

What is the filum terminale?

An extension of the pia mater anchoring the spinal cord inferiorly.

At approximately what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

Around the L2 vertebral level

Why does the lumbar spinal cord have an enlargement?

It contains lower motor neurons controlling the legs.

What grey matter feature is prominent in the lumbar spinal cord?

Large ventral horns

Which spinal cord region contains the most white matter?

Cervical region

Why does the cervical spinal cord have more white matter?

Ascending tracts from lower levels accumulate as they ascend.

What feature distinguishes thoracic spinal cord cross-sections?

Presence of lateral horns.

What do lateral horns contain?

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Which structure anchors the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater?

Denticulate ligaments

Which cranial nerve is located just inferior to the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).