LOTE Vocab

L1

The language a person already knows

L2

The language a person is learning or has learned

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

Basic conversation that most students learn quickly, often within one year.

Lev Vygotsky

Known for interactionist theory

Realia

an authentic item from a target language culture, like a birthday invitation, a store receipt, a magazine, etc.

Language learning

Not as communicative and is a result of direct instruction. Often used to teach L2.

Person who proposed the interlanguage theory

Larry Selinker

Interlanguage

A linguistic system that develops when someone is learning L2 but has not mastered it

Interlanguage theory

(Larry Slinker) Language learners communicate in L2 while making mistakes related to L1 and overgeneralizing grammar rules they learned.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

(Noam Chomsky theory) helps humans understand grammatical rules and any rules of language.

Nativist Perspective

(Noam Chomsky theory) Humans are naturally or biologically designed to learn language

Universal Grammar

(Noam Chomsky theory) states under normal circumstances, people naturally develop a sense of grammar

4 components to the communicative language teaching approach

• Grammatical competence

• Sociolinguistic competence

• Discourse competence

• Strategic competence

Grammatical competence (communicative language teaching)

Using language accurately, including syntax (sentence structure), spelling, vocabulary, pronunciation

Sociolinguistic competence (communicative language teaching)

using the language appropriately according to a specific social setting or context, keeping in mind if to use informal or formal (tú, usted)

Discourse competence (communicative language teaching)

Being able to connect phrases appropriately in a way that is coherent and cohesive, or that makes sense; applies to both speaking and writing.

Strategic competence (communicative language teaching)

Using strategies to appropriately enter or exit a conversation, end a silent period in a conversation, being able to speak when it's a person's turn

Communicative competence

Dell Hymes theory, ability that speakers and listeners use to communicate in authentic social settings. All four competences (grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic) work together to make communicative happen.

Natural approach

(Krashen and Terrell) Promotes more natural second language acquisition in the classroom, emphasizing communication and placing less emphasis on grammar and direct correction to students.

Comprehensible input + 1 or i+1

language that is just above the student's current proficiency level.

Content Based Approach

use content (or subjects) to teach L2. The hands-on way for students to learn useful language in a real world setting.

Grammar Translation Method

Students learn grammar rules and use their knowledge of those rules to translate sentences.

Audiolingual Method (army method or new key)

Based on behaviorist theory, people can be taught language through reinforcement (positive and negative feedback). Similar to direct method.

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)

Academic language and terminology a student has to know to do well in an academic setting; usually takes a few years to develop

Graded readers

Books that are simplified versions of works designed for language learners. Not authentic texts.

Big C

Culture we often thinking about like holidays, art, food, literature, etc

Little C

Less visible type of culture that is associated with a specific region and can change quickly like communication style, cultural norms, myths, etc.

Language acquisition

Language that is naturally acquired. Babies and toddlers acquire L1. No instructions needed

Interactionist theory

(Vygotsky theory) language acquisition is both social and biological; emphasizes the importance of collaborative learning to help students develop cognitively and linguistically.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

Person who developed the lexical approach, understanding "chunks" of language to help students learn patterns of grammar and language.

Michael Lewis

person who is a linguist and linguistics scholar and states that all humans have a language acquisition device (LAD); developed Nativist perspective and Universal Grammar

Noam Chomsky

Communicative language teaching

communicative approaches that emphasize the use of interaction and communicative in the teaching and learning of a language; often role plays, games, and interviews are used. Has 4 componentes (Grammatical, Sociolinguistic, Discourse, Strategic)

Scaffolding

extra support. Non-verbal support, rephrasing the sentence, checking for understanding, clarifying, etc.

1) Acquisition-learning hypotesis

Krashen explains the two ways people learn language- acquisition and learning. language acquisition occurs naturally.  Language learning, however, involves conscious, active learning of a language, including grammar, vocabulary, etc.

2) Monitor hypothesis

Krashen. A hypothesis that explains that the learner "monitors" and corrects his/her errors.

3) Natural Order Hypothesis

Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught

4) Input Hypotesys

Krashen - language learning occurs when “comprehensible input” is used, meaning the teacher or caregiver uses language the student or child can understand.

5) Affective Filter Hypothesis

Krashen; when students are affected by anxiety, stress, self-confidence, and their surroundings

6) Reading Hypothesis

Krashen; straightforward, the students reads more in L2 they will learn more vocabulary

Comprehension approach

James Asher; total physical response (TPR), grammar is not explicitly taught instead students use whole body actions to respond to a command from the teacher in the target language