History of Psychology - Exam 3

Habit strength is a function of repetition. This is an instance of ____.

A.) Thorndike's law of exercise

B.) Pavlov's law of reinforcement

C.) Skinner's principle of the extinction of competing responses

D.) vicarious learning

A.) Thorndike's law of exercise

Bekhterev discovered ____.

A.) the associated reflexes

B.) the reflex arc

C.) the knee-jerk response

D.) that punishment is not effective

A.) the associated reflexes

Pavlov's conditioned reflexes require ____ for learning to occur.

A.) reinforcement

B.) two or more unconditioned responses

C.) S-R connections

D.) reinforcements and S-R connections

D.) reinforcements and S-R connections

​In the typical conditioning experiment done by Pavlov, the food placed in the dog's mouth is called the ____.

A.) conditioned stimulus

B.) conditioned response

C.) unconditioned stimulus

D.) conditioned response

C.) unconditioned stimulus

The case of Clever Hans served to ____.

A.) illustrate the importance of objective, experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions

B.) refute Lashley's equipotentiality principle

C.) focus public attention on introspection by analogy

D.) demonstrate the importance of studying both human and animal subjects

A.) illustrate the importance of objective, experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions

_____________ is a concept in Thorndike's theory to describe the dynamic of learning a habit. It also indicates the connection between learning and the time it takes to learn.

A.) learning ability

B.) habit ability

C.) learning curve

D.) reflex timing correlation

C.) learning curve

Thorndike introduced a new experimental method labeled:

A.) the labyrinth

B.) the Thorndike box

C.) the puzzle box

D.) the Thorndike maze

C.) the puzzle box

_______ was found wrote a dissertation on the conditioned reflexes around the same time as Pavlov's dog studies, but never continued the research as he experienced little interest from his audience regarding the topic.

A.) Edwin Twitmyer

B.) Alois Kreidl

C.) John B. Watson

D.) Edward Thorndike

A.) Edwin Twitmyer

For Pavlov, humans and animals were ____.

A.) machines

B.) enemies

C.) incompatible

D.) essentially different, needing different research methods

A.) machines

Which physiologist discovered the term tropism regarding how animals behaved which would, in turn, be a major influence on the birth of comparative psychology

A.) Vladimir Bekterev

B.) James Mckeen Catell

C.) Jacques Loeb

D.) Ivan Pavlov

C.) Jacques Loeb

Watson's position on childrearing was ____.

A.) that of a strong environmentalist

B.) to "spare the rod, spoil the child"

C.) to use affection and social reinforcements exclusively

D.) to follow Thorndike's law of effect

A.) that of a strong environmentalist

In Watson's FINAL system, instincts ____.

A.) exist, but there are only three

B.) do not exist

C.) exist at birth and are limited, but more are learned

D.) do not exist at birth, but can be learned

E.) are what drive most behaviors

B.) do not exist

For Watson, introspection was ____.

A.) irrelevant

B.) appropriate only for research with normal humans

C.) acceptable as used by Wundt, i.e., with systematic observation, controls, and replication

D.) acceptable only if performed by exceptionally well-trained observers

E.) necessary to the understanding of behavior

A.) irrelevant

According to your textbook, the three unconditioned emotional reactions that Watson was able to find in human infants were:

A.) fear, rage, and sorrow.

B.) anger, love, and joy.

C.) fear, rage, and love.

D.) anger, fear, and joy.

C.) fear, rage, and love.

The publication in which Watson broke with introspective psychology to found behaviorism was entitled

A.) "Behaviorism Instead of Introspection"

B.) "Behaviorism: a Break with Structuralism and Functionalism"

C.) "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it"

D.) "Psychology from the Behavioral Mind"

C.) "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it"

When Watson wrote, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee you to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select," he was expressing a viewpoint known as:

A.) Pragmatism

B.) Genetic determinism

C.) Radical environmentalism

D.) Neobehaviorism

C.) Radical environmentalism

Mary Cover Jones's study of Peter ____.

A.) was a forerunner of behavior therapy

B.) showed that fears are instinctive

C.) predates the Little Albert study

D.) supports the notion of one-trial learning

A.) was a forerunner of behavior therapy

After his dismissal from Johns Hopkins, Watson ____.

A.) abandoned his research on behavioral psychology

B.) published in scholarly journals under a pseudonym

C.) published for the American public through popular media

D.) lectured at universities throughout Europe

C.) published for the American public through popular media

The first person to de-condition a learned fear was ____.

A.) Rayner

B.) Watson

C.) Jones

D.) Lashley

C.) Jones

According to your book, Watson argued that consumer behavior was ____.

A.) under the control of fundamental or conditioned emotional stimuli

B.) controlled according to the law of suggestibility

C.) immune to aversive conditioning

D.) vulnerable to the law of exercise

A.) under the control of fundamental or conditioned emotional stimuli

Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of ____.

A.) vectors (response directions and strengths)

B.) valences (reward values)

C.) mathematics

D.) behavior

C.) mathematics

You receive a paycheck every Friday. Skinner would say that you are being reinforce on a

A.) fixed-interval schedule

B.) fixed-ratio schedule

C.) variable-interval schedule

D.) variable-ratio schedule

A.) fixed-interval schedule

For Hull, drive reduction is ____.

A.) an intervening variable

B.) the sole basis for reinforcement

C.) an independent variable

D.) a dependent variable

B.) the sole basis for reinforcement

The use of positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups is called ____.

A.) behavior modification

B.) chaining

C.) trial-and-learning

D.) sneaky

A.) behavior modification

According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to:

A.) ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction

B.) punish it

C.) reinforce it

D.) explain to the perpetrator why his or her behavior is undesirable

A.) ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction

Hull's form of behaviorism was ____ than ____.

A.) much freer of intervening variables; Pavlov's

B.) much less free of intervening variables; Tolman's

C.) less sophisticated and complex; Watson's

D.) more sophisticated and complex; Watson's

D.) more sophisticated and complex; Watson's

Operationism was ____.

A.) a major characteristic of neobehaviorism

B.) intended to rid psychology of pseudo-problems

C.) intended to make the language of science more objective and precise

D.) All of the choices are correct.

D.) All of the choices are correct.

A schedule of reinforcement ____.

A.) lists which behaviors can be conditioned

B.) depicts the steps necessary to establish an operant response

C.) depicts the steps necessary to establish a respondent

D.) determines when reinforcement occurs

D.) determines when reinforcement occurs

Skinner raised on of his daughters, Deborah, in a baby tender box. Deborah became

A.) a depressive person who eventually committed suicide

B.) a happily married and accomplished person

C.) a sufferer of schizophrenia who has spent most of her life in an asylum

D.) an outspoken opponent of child abuse

B.) a happily married and accomplished person

In Hull's system, habit strength is ____.

A.) the strength of the S-R connection

B.) evidence of latent learning

C.) a function of the number of reinforcements

D.) a function of the size of the drive

A.) the strength of the S-R connection

George Miller's most famous research concerns the capacity of

A.) any given concept or schema

B.) short-term memory or consciousness

C.) a child to learn language

D.) a child to reason about mortality

B.) short-term memory or consciousness

George Miller noticed that the memory span of young adults was around:

A.) three elements

B.) four elements

C.) seven elements

D.) eleven elements

C.) seven elements

Bandura argues that what changes a person's behavior is ____.

A.) what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is

B.) the actual schedule of reinforcement

C.) their free will

D.) the result of his or her intelligence

A.) what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is

Ulric Neisser's interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by:

A.) a childhood event that forced him to question the accuracy of his own memory.

B.) his fascination with the Turing Test.

C.) his conviction that computer processes would eventually be able to completely reproduce most human cognitive processes.

D.) all of the above

A.) a childhood event that forced him to question the accuracy of his own memory.

A type of reinforcement identified by Bandura is ____.​

A.) vicarious

B.) fixed interval

C.) variable interval

D.) locus of control

A.) vicarious

Albert Bandura's work with the BoBo doll is the standard illustration of

A.) social learning

B.) an ethical violation using children as research subjects

C.) an ethical violation using animals as research subjects

D.) how phobias are treated

A.) social learning

The term social learning theory was coined by ____.

A.) Tolman

B.) Bandura

C.) Rotter

D.) Neisser

C.) Rotter

Neisser's conception of Cognitive Psychology, as presented in his original textbook of that name, emphasized which of the following topics?

A.) striving for superiority

B.) self-esteem

C.) self-concept

D.) feelings of inferiority

E.) self-efficacy

E.) self-efficacy

A concept of Bandura that reflects one's beliefs about one's own adequacy is ____.

A.) information processing

B.) computer science

C.) Gestalt psychology

D.) artificial intelligence

A.) information processing